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Here We Come Group Energizer Theatre Game

Here We Come Group Energizer Theater Game Now and then educators and other gathering pioneers need better approaches to get understudies invigorated and extricated up for classes or rehearsals. The action underneath has been around for some time. It is called â€Å"Here We Come!† How You Play 1. Partition understudies into two gatherings. Gatherings might be as extensive as 10 to 12 understudies. 2. Show understudies the accompanying lines of discourse: Gathering 1: â€Å"Here we come.†Group 2: â€Å"Where ya from?†Group 1: â€Å"New York.†Group 2: â€Å"What’s your trade?†Group 1: â€Å"Lemonade.† 3. Clarify that Group 1 must examine and concur upon a â€Å"trade†-a calling, occupation, or movement that they will all emulate after they have reacted with â€Å"Lemonade.† (Group 2 ought not be inside earshot of their conversation.) 4. When Group 1 has picked its â€Å"trade,† the individuals from Group 1 line up side by side on one side of the playing territory confronting Group 2, additionally arranged side by side on the contrary side of the playing zone. 5. Clarify that Group 1 will start the game by conveying the primary line as one (â€Å"Here we come†) and making one stride towards Group 2. Group 2 conveys the subsequent line (â€Å"Where ya from?†) as one. 6. Gathering 1 at that point conveys the third line as one (â€Å"New York†) and makes one more stride towards Group 2. 7. Gathering 2 asks, â€Å"What’s your trade?† 8. Gathering 1 reacts with â€Å"Lemonade† and afterward they start emulating their settled upon â€Å"trade.† 9. Gathering 2 watches and gets out estimates about the group’s â€Å"trade.† Group 1 keeps emulating until somebody surmises effectively. At the point when that occurs, Group 1 must run back to their side of the playing region and Group 2 must pursue them, attempting to label an individual from Group 1. 10. Rehash with Group 2 settling on a â€Å"trade† to emulate and starting the game with â€Å"Here we come.† 11. You can keep track of who's winning of what number of labels a gathering makes, yet the game works without the component of rivalry. It’s simply fun and it gets understudies going and fired up. A few Examples of â€Å"Trades† PhotographersFashion ModelsTalk Show HostsPoliticiansManicuristsBallet DancersPre-school TeachersStep DancersCheerleadersWeight LiftersHairdressersWeather Forecasters What Constitutes Success in This Theater Game? Understudies must offer and acknowledge thoughts rapidly. They should cooperate as an outfit when they emulate their â€Å"trade.† For instance, if the gathering picks Pre-teachers, some gathering individuals may play the kids that the instructors educate. The more exact the emulate that the understudies play out, the more rapidly the game will continue moving. Rule and Tips Help the individuals to remember Group 1 that they will probably take part in emulate †which requires quietness. No exchange, no audio cues, no responses to the estimates that Group 2 makes until they hear a theory that is correct.Remind the individuals from Group 2 that when they go to label an individual from Group 1, they have to focus on a shoulder and tag daintily. The tag isn't a slap or a slug.If commotion level is a worry, you might need to set up a standard of no shouting or yelling during the chase.Requiring the pursuit to be acted in moderate movement is another approach to check clamor and diminish the odds of excursions, falls, and excessively unruly action.

B. F. Skinner Biography of the Behaviorist Thinker

B. F. Skinner Biography of the Behaviorist Thinker More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Biography Inventions   Project Pigeon The Baby Tender Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Teaching Machines Later Life and Career Awards and Recognitions Select Publications Contributions B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on  behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as radical behaviorism and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning. Best Known For Operant conditioningSchedules of ReinforcementSkinner BoxCumulative RecorderRadical Behaviorism Among his many discoveries, inventions, and accomplishments were the creation of the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner Box), his research on schedules of reinforcement, the introduction of response rates as a dependent variable in research, and the creation of the cumulative recorder to track these response rates. In one survey, Skinner was named the most influential psychologist of the twentieth-century. Birth and Death Born: March 20, 1904Died: August 18, 1990 Biography Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born and raised in the small town of Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His father was a lawyer and his mother a homemaker and he grew up with a brother who was two years his junior. He later described his Pennsylvania childhood as warm and stable. As a boy, he enjoyed building and inventing things; a skill he would later use in his own psychological experiments. His younger brother Edward died at the age of 16 due to a cerebral hemorrhage. During high school, Skinner started to develop an interest in scientific reasoning from his extensive study of the works of Francis Bacon. He went on to receive a B.A. in English literature in 1926 from Hamilton College. After earning his undergraduate degree he decided to become a writer, a period of his life that he would later refer to as the dark year. During this time he wrote only a few short newspaper articles and quickly grew disillusioned with his literary talents, despite receiving some encouragement and mentorship from the famed poet Robert Frost. While working as a clerk at a bookstore, Skinner happened upon the works of Pavlov and Watson, which became a turning point in his life and career. Inspired by these works, Skinner decided to abandon his career as a novelist and entered the psychology graduate program at Harvard University. After receiving his  Ph.D.  from Harvard in 1931, Skinner continued to work at the university for the next five years thanks to a fellowship. During this period of time, he  continued  his research on operant behavior and operant conditioning. He  married Yvonne Blue in 1936, and the couple went on to have two daughters, Julie and Deborah. Inventions   During his time at Harvard, Skinner became interested in studying human behavior in an objective and scientific way. He developed what he referred to as an operant conditioning apparatus, which later become known as a Skinner box. The device was a chamber that contained a bar or key that an animal could press in order to receive food, water, or some other form of reinforcement. It was during this time at Harvard that he also invented the cumulative recorder, a device that recorded responses as a sloped line. By looking at the slope of the line, which indicated the rate of response, Skinner was able to see that response rates depended upon what happened after the animal pressed the bar. That is, higher response rates followed rewards while lower response rates followed a lack of rewards. The device also allowed Skinner to see that the schedule of reinforcement that was used also influenced the rate of response. Using this device, he found that behavior did not depend on the preceding stimulus as Watson and Pavlov maintained. Instead, Skinner found that behaviors were dependent on what happens after the response. Skinner called this operant behavior. Project Pigeon Skinner took a teaching position at the University of Minnesota following his marriage. While teaching at the University of Minnesota and during the height of World War II, Skinner became interested in helping with the war effort. He received funding for a project that involved training pigeons to guide bombs since no missile guidance systems existed at the time. In Project Pigeon, as it was called, pigeons were placed in the nose cone of a missile and were trained to peck at a target that would then direct the missile toward the intended target. The project never came to fruition, since the development of radar was also underway, although Skinner had considerable success working with the pigeons. While the project was eventually canceled, it did lead to some interesting findings and Skinner was even able to teach the pigeons to play ping-pong. The Baby Tender In 1943, B.F. Skinner also invented the baby tender at the request of his wife. It is important to note that the baby tender is not the same as the Skinner box, which was used in Skinners experimental research. He created the enclosed heated crib with a plexiglass window in response to his wifes request for a safer alternative to traditional cribs. Ladies Home Journal printed an article on the crib with the title Baby in a Box, contributing in part to some misunderstanding over the cribs intended use. A later incident also led to further misunderstandings over Skinners baby crib. In her 2004 book Opening Skinners Box: Great Psychology Experiments of the Twentieth Century, author Lauren Slater mentioned the oft-cited rumor that  the baby tender was actually used as an experimental device.?? The rumors were that Skinners daughter had served as a subject and that she had committed suicide as a result. Slaters book pointed out that this was nothing more than a rumor, but a later review of the book mistakenly stated that her book supported the claims. This led to an angry and passionate rebuttal of the rumors by Skinners very much alive and well daughter Deborah. In 1945, Skinner moved to Bloomington, Indiana and became Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana. In 1948, he joined the psychology department at Harvard University where he remained for the rest of his life. Operant Conditioning In Skinners operant conditioning process, an operant referred to any behavior that acts on the environment and leads to consequences. He contrasted operant behaviors (the actions under our control) with respondent behaviors, which he described as anything that occurs reflexively or automatically such as jerking your finger back when you accidentally touch a hot pan. Skinner identified reinforcement as any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. The two types of reinforcement he identified were positive reinforcement (favorable outcomes such as reward or praise) and negative reinforcement (the removal of unfavorable outcomes). Punishment can also play an important role in the operant conditioning process. According to Skinner, punishment is the application of an adverse outcome that decreases or weakens the behavior it follows. Positive punishment involves presenting an unfavorable outcome (prison, spanking, scolding) while negative punishment involves removing a favorable outcome following a behavior (taking away a favorite toy, getting grounded). Schedules of Reinforcement In his research on operant conditioning, Skinner also discovered and described schedules of reinforcement: Fixed-ratio schedulesVariable-ratio schedulesFixed-interval schedulesVariable-interval schedules Teaching Machines Skinner also developed an interest in education and teaching after attending his daughters math class in 1953. Skinner noted that none of the students received any sort of  immediate feedback on their performance. Some students struggled and were unable to complete the problems while others finished quickly but really didnt learn anything new. Instead, Skinner believed that the best approach would be to create some sort of device that would shape behavior, offering incremental feedback until a desired response was achieved. He started by developing a math teaching machine that offered immediate feedback after each problem. However, this initial device did not actually teach new skills. Eventually, he was able to develop a machine that delivered incremental feedback and presented material in a series of small steps until students acquired new skills, a process known as programmed instruction. Skinner later published a collection of his writings on teaching and education titled The Technology of Teaching. Later Life and Career Skinners  research and writing quickly made him one of the leaders of the behaviorist movement in psychology and his work contributed immensely to the development of experimental psychology. Drawing on his former literary career, Skinner also used fiction to present many of his theoretical ideas. In his 1948 book Walden Two, Skinner described a fictional utopian society in which people were trained to become ideal citizens through the use of operant conditioning. His 1971 book Beyond Freedom and Dignity  also made him a lightning rod for controversy since his work seemed to imply that humans did not truly possess free will. His 1974 book About Behaviorism was written in part to dispel many of the rumors about his theories and research. In his later years, Skinner continued to write about his life and his theories. He was diagnosed with leukemia in 1989. Just eight days before he died, Skinner was given a lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association and he delivered a 15-minute talk to a crowded auditorium when he accepted the award. He died on August 18, 1990. Awards and Recognitions 1966 Edward Lee Thorndike Award, American Psychological Association1968 - National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson1971 - Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation1972 - Human of the Year Award1990 - Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology Select Publications Skinner, B. F. (1935) Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type Journal of General Psychology, 12, 66-77.Skinner, B. F. (1938) Superstition’ in the pigeon Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193-216.Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and DignitySkinner, B. F. (1989) The Origins of Cognitive Thought Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior, Merrill Publishing Company. Contributions to  Psychology Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books. In a 2002 survey of psychologists, he was identified as the most influential 20th-century psychologist. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of thought, his work in operant conditioning remains vital today. Mental health professionals often utilize operant techniques when working with clients, teachers frequently use reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior in the classroom, and animal trainers rely heavily on these techniques to train dogs and other animals. Skinners remarkable legacy has left both a lasting mark on psychology and numerous other fields ranging from philosophy to education.

Personal Narrative My Sister s Keeper By Jodi Picoult

Reading is my life. I enjoy every book that I pick up. I have many favorite authors from all types of backgrounds and all types of genres. My five favorite books are as followed: A Thousand Splendid Suns, My Sister’s Keeper, My Sister’s Keeper, The Secret Life of Bees and Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man. Each novel plays an important role in my life, they helped me get through some tough times. The books that I read while I was in high school helped me to find courage, to find faith, to find myself, and to understand love. I read most of these books while I was in high school as a part of my summer reading projects. At that moment, I did not know how important each book was going to be to me. One of the first books that I read that†¦show more content†¦The duo deals with the abuse from their husband and other events until one day Mariam gains the strength and kills him. In Afghan, it is a crime for a woman to kill her husband. The result is death. A year afte r I read these novels, several life events happened. On October 28, I decided that I would go to medical school to become an oncologist, after being inspired by My Sister’s Keeper. A couple of days later on Halloween, I experience a true life nightmare. My soon-to-be-boyfriend told me that he had cancer. For me to be only in high school and to just figure out what I wanted to go to college for, this news was very devastating. I had just figured my life out and on my life map, he was in it. The books allowed me to understand true courage. Anna in My Sister s Keeper gains courage when her sick sibling tells her to do something to make her happy, even though she knows it will affect her sibling s health. In A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam gained the courage to stand up to her abusive husband and save the life of Laila and her son. It takes one strong person to have courage. On the night that my boyfriend told me the news, he said, â€Å"Why are you crying? What does crying do? Makes me wanna cry too. And how am I going to beat this if both of us are crying. After talking with him, I realized that he had the courage to make it through and beat cancer just as it was Anna s goal to make sure she

The Importance of Color in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

The Importance of Color in Toni Morrisons Beloved Toni Morrisons Beloved - a novel that addresses the cruelties that result from slavery. Morrison depicts the African Americans quest for a new life while showing the difficult task of escaping the past. The African American simply wants to claim freedom and create a sense of community. In Beloved, the characters suffer not from slavery itself, but as a result of slavery - that is to say the pain occurs as they reconstruct themselves, their families, and their communities only after the devastation of slavery (Kubitschek 115). Throughout the novel, Morrison utilizes color as a symbolic tool to represent a free, safe, happy life as well as involvement in community and†¦show more content†¦In his journey North, Paul D would scan the horizon for a flash of pink or white...[or] blossoming plums (Morrison 113). By having Paul D search for colorful flowers, Morrison illustrates Paul Ds desire for a life full of safety, enjoyment, and freedom. Just as Paul D desires a better life after slavery, so does Baby Suggs. As a slave, Suggs was suppressed and did not experience the type of life she desired. Morrison indirectly demonstrates this by purposely leaving out any descriptions of color in Suggss life when she was a slave. Morrison uses this absence of color to express that Suggs had lived the life which she had longed for. She did not experience independence, freedom, safety nor a sense of community when she was a slave. However, after she was sold, she searched for color, or the life that she had wanted. For, she had never had time to see, let alone enjoy it before (Morrison 201). Enjoying every color that she could, trying to compensate for the time wasted as a slave, Suggs retreated to her room and concentrated on color. It took her a long time to finish with blue, then yellow then green (Morrison 201). Making explicit the absence of color while Suggs was a slave and then describing the way she relished t he colors of her newly acquired freedom, Morrison conveys Suggss fulfillment of the life she had longed to have when she was a slave. Finally, as her life ended, Suggs was happy with the freedom, sense ofShow MoreRelatedRacism And Discrimination On African Americans1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthan a simple eye color. They are beauty. They are power. They are whiteness. They are the end to all of her problems. To Pecola, having blue eyes would rid her of her ugliness and painful life. The symbolism found in blue eyes also reveals the considerable amount of sadness that Pecola feels. Her desire to have the bluest eyes is symbolic of the fact that Pecola has the saddest eyes, and the saddest life, of any other character in the novel (â€Å"Bluest† Shmoop). Likewise, the importance and descriptionsRead More Toni Morrisons Beloved: Not a Story to be Passed On Essay example5432 Words   |  22 PagesToni Morrisons Beloved: Not a Story to be Passed On Beloved, Toni Morrisons Nobel Prize winning novel, is a masterfully written book in which the characters must deal with a past that perpetually haunts them.   This haunting, in the form of a twenty year old ghost named Beloved, not only stalks them in the spirit, but also in the flesh.   Beloved, both in story and in character hides the truth in simple ways and convinces those involved that the past never leaves, it only becomes part of whoRead MoreToni Morrison s Life And Accomplishments2003 Words   |  9 PagesToni Morrison was born â€Å"Chloe Ardelia Wofford† on February 18th, 1931 in Lorain, Ohio. Chloe earned her nickname â€Å"Toni† in college and took Morrison as her married name. She was born in an predominantly African American town, to a poor family, which was like most of Lorain’s residents. Her parents always emphasized the importance of education. â€Å"The world back then didn’t expect much from a little black girl, but my father and mother certainly did.† In 1949 she attended college at the Howard UniversityRead MoreHow Slavery Can Affect The Mother s Mind And Threaten Motherhood3396 Words   |  14 Pagesthe property of others? Considering the description of servitude, it is interesting to see how the severe elements of slavery can potentially affect the mother’s mind and threaten motherhood. This is seen and heavily stressed through Toni Morrison’s Gothic Fiction Beloved— an historical novel based on pregnant runaway slave, Margaret Garner — which is a slave narrative that follows the lives of the main characters: Sethe, a former and runaway slave from a plantation called Sweet Home, Denver, her daughterRead MoreEssay on The Song of Solomon2983 Words   |  12 Pages Book Title Song of Solomon Author Toni Morrison Summary The first black boy ever born in Mercy Hospital in a town in Michigan comes into the world the day after an insurance agent named Robert Smith kills himself by trying to â€Å"fly† from the roof of the hospital across Lake Superior. The boys mother, Ruth, nurses him until he is eight or nine years old, thus earning him the ridiculous nickname Milkman. Milkman befriends an older boy named Guitar, visits his Aunt Pilate, and falls in love with

The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy Free Essays

Abstract This study explores the principal legacies of imperialism for the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that although colonialism ended many years ago, its effects and policies still remain in the global economy and it is being aided by globalisation. The developed economies use foreign aid and multinationals to control the economies of the developing countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The modern world economy has been influenced by both imperialism and the experience of colonialism. Western imperialism dominated the global history in the last 200 years and it transformed both the third world and western nations in terms of culture, economy, politics and socialisation (Dutt, 2006). The term imperialism was derived from a Latin word imperator meaning autocratic power and centralised government (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). As such imperialism involves one country dominating another country or other countries in ways that benefit it and not the latter. The impact of Europe on the world economy is significant because it has shaped the economic sphere. The legacy of imperialism exists in the form of communication networks, economic structures and ties to metropolitan economies typifying former colonies. Principal Legacies of Imperialism on the Contemporary World Economy Imperialism was the precursor of globalisation that characterises the contemporary world economy (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007). This legacy is not entirely benign and the effects of the restructuring of economies of the former colonies have led to dependency on the metropole’s economies. Colonialism had to be stopped because it was exploitative, displaced people from their natural status and transferred wealth from one country to the other. However, globalisation came up to replace imperialism by achieving the same results but this time legitimately and in a manner that is politically correct (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). The World Trade Organisation and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade legitimised this legacy of imperialism through putting in place trade agreements to eliminate trade barriers. This ensures that countries participate in their own subjugation and in the process transform themselves into neo-colonial states (Hont, 2005). Globalisation has not led to economic equality and interdependence as it is often claimed. It has instead made the lesser developed countries dependent on the developed countries (Dunning Lundan, 2008). In addition to this, it has also led to indebtedness to the International Financial Institutions owned by the west. In some cases it has also led to unfair competition, greater debt and increased poverty. Although globalisation has created wealth for some countries, it has also increased poverty for others. Dutt (2006) adds that it is a more efficient way of exploiting other nations with the help of established international institutions and mechanisms designed to entrap the lesser developed countries through creating economic dependency, debt, and increasing poverty. However unlike colonialism these countries cannot revolt against the loss of their sovereignty. This is because any attempts to revolt could make them lose economic aid that would result in economic and human crisis. Th is is a huge risk that these countries are never willing to risk. All these are consequences of the structuring of the economies of the former colonies making them dependent on exports, monoculture and fluctuations in the global market. Imperialism created a political economic reality of dependency and exploitation because most of the lesser developed economies do not have full control of their economic affairs (Hont, 2005). There are counterarguments that political economies have lives of their own which make them not fully controllable or that globalisation has taken away such control from all countries. However this perception does not take into account the fact that there is a huge difference in the extent of control. The northern nation states have a relatively strong position because of the financial institutions and multinationals which give them higher control over their political economies (Tester, 2010). The southern nation states on the other hand are impoverished, indebted and dependent on foreign investment and foreign aid. Therefore neo-colonialism steps in because these nation states have reduced control. The contemporary world economy is organised around capitalist imperialism characterised by systematic accumulation of capital through organised labour exploitation and penetrating overseas markets. The capital imperialists make investments in the other countries, transforms and then dominates their economies. Additionally, they integrate their productive and financial structures into the international system of capital accumulation (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007). Expansion is the central imperative of capitalism because investors only pursue business ventures when they see opportunities for extracting more than they invest. These firms only increase their earnings when their enterprises grow. As such the capitalists keep searching for ways of generating more money. They have to invest in order to generate profits and gather strengths to be able to beat off competition and unpredictable markets. Owing to its expansionary nature, capitalism has to keep exploring other opportunities away f rom home. It is this expansion that ends up destroying whole societies as people are forced to transform into disfranchised wage employees (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). Consumer societies, mass market and mass media replace folk cultures and indigenous societies. Agribusiness factory farms supplant cooperative lands, centralised autocracies supplant autonomous regions and desolate shanty towns replace villages. European and North American corporations have acquired and now control over 75% of mineral resources in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Dunning Lundan, 2008). However, the pursuit for natural resources is not the only reason for expanding operations overseas. They also need to lower the cost of production and maximise profits through investing in economies with cheaper labour markets. They make over 50% profits in the lesser developed countries compared to their home countries because of factors like low wages, weak labour unions, low taxes, weak or non-existent environmental and occupational protections and non-existent work benefits (Guo Guo, 2010). For instance Citibank which is one of the largest US firms makes about approximately 75% of its profits from its operations overseas (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). Imperialism has made it possible for the multinational firms to continue growing even at a time when their home markets are sluggish because of the dramatic growth in the foreign markets which still remain unexploited. Currently some 400 transnational companies control approximately 80% capital assets in the free global market (Hobson, 2005). These companies have developed global production lines across the lesser developed countries. Multiple sourcing allows these transnational companies to overcome strikes in one country by increasing production in the other countries. By playing the workers of different countries against each other, they discourage them from making demands on wage and benefit increments which undermine the strategies of labour unions. These firms find cheap labour, natural resources and other profitable conditions in the less developed countries. This is what enables them to generate huge profits which they then repatriate back to their home countries. Both national and local governments often compete in attracting multinational companies with huge expectations in terms of employment provision, tax revenues and economic activity (Sharp, 2009). These governments offer the companies incentives in terms of lax labour or environmental regulations, pledges of government assistance, tax breaks and other subsidies. Other than offering these governments a promise of economic growth, these companies exert power over government through their technical and intellectual property. For instance Microsoft has software patents and Adidas has patents on shoe designs. The patents allow these corporations to exercise their monopolistic powers in the local economy and in the process inhibit the growth of the local enterprises. Additionally, this monopoly helps them maintain low costs of labour and at times even exploitative. Owing to the size of these corporations, they often influence government policies using threats of withdrawal from the market (L ouis, 2006). This forces the governments of the lesser developed states to make polices that benefit the corporations rather than protecting the rights of the citizens. Therefore these corporations exploit the local labour force and funnel the important resources away from these countries into their home countries. In this way globalisation has made the lesser developed economies to be dependent on the developed countries. The multinational companies also cause uneven distribution of benefits because the resources are diverted from the local people into foreign markets (Louis, 2006). For instance land that could have been used to produce food for the local populations is used by these corporations to grow cash crops for their operations. This leads to high costs of food for the local populations as they are at times forced to import what they could produce locally if their natural resources were effectively utilised. In addition to this, fresh produce are packaged for the international markets where they will fetch more money rather than feeding the local populations. This is the reason why foreign dependency has led to widespread malnutrition in many lesser developed economies (Tester, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, this study has explored the principles legacies of imperialism on the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that the developed economies still manage the economies of former colonies and the developing economies using different mechanisms like aid and multinational companies with the aid of globalisation. Economic globalisation has also led to unequal economic relations between the developed and the developing economies. The governments of the lesser developed economies act more in the interests of the multinationals and other economies that provide them with aid instead of acting independently on behalf of the citizens. This creates a feeling of economic connection with the lesser developed economies feeling that they cannot survive on their own. Therefore the dependent relations that were established under colonialism still continue to dominate the world economy through economic imperialism or neo-colonialism. References Chattopadhyaya, D. P., Das, G. J. B. (2007) Science, technology, imperialism and war. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. Dunning, J. H., Lundan, S. M. (2008) Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Dutt, S. (2006). India in a Globalized World. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Guo, S., Guo, B. (2010). Greater China in an era of globalization. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield. Hobson, J. A. (2005). Imperialism: A study. New York: Cosimo. Hont, I. (2005). Jealousy of trade: International competition and the nation state in historical perspective. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Louis, W. R. (2006). Ends of British imperialism: The scramble for empire, Suez and decolonization : collected essays. London: I.B. Tauris. Ramana, P. V., Observer Research Foundation. (2008). The Naxal challenge: Causes, linkages, and policy options. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Sharp, J. P. (2009). Geographies of post-colonialism. London: SAGE. Smith, D., Dawson Books. (2008). The dragon and the elephant: China, India and the new world order. London: Profile. Tester, K. (2010). Humanitarianism and modern culture. University Park, Pa: The Pennsylvania State University Press. How to cite The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy, Essay examples

WOMEN TALK BACK an Example by

WOMEN TALK BACK In the frontline of addressing and answering to the issues that women face today are the women themselves. Among the empowered women that this paper aims to present are Judy Chicago and Audre Lorde, two of the greatest artist of this time. Judy Chicago uses the power of the pen, sculpting, and painting to give due recognition to the women and the integration of women into the field of art (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). On the other hand, Audre Lorde is a poet who used her creative imagination to stress the need for women to organize across sexualities and to fight against the discrimination of black lesbians by both the whites and the blacks (Martinez). Need essay sample on "WOMEN TALK BACK" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Judy Chicago: Her Life and Talking Back Judy Chicago was born in 1939 in Chicago with the name Judy Cohen (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). Later on, she decided to change her name to Judy Chicago, which indicated the place where she was born. She was educated at the Art Institute of Chicago while she was still attending her elementary and high school classes, showing a very high interest for art at a very early age (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). Later on, she earned her Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A) degree at the University of California in Los Angeles in 1964 (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). After this, she went to the California State University where she established an art program with a female perspective (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). She repeated the same kind of art program in the California Institute of Art in Valencia (Microsoft Encarta, 2006). With this liking for art, she fought for women recognition through painting, sculpting, and writing several books (ThroughtheFlower.org). The first major achievement of Chicago is the installation of the Womanhouse project, which demonstrated an openly female point of view in art (ThroughtheFlower.org). Between 1974 and 1979, Chicago did her famous work, The Dinner Party, displayed at over sixteen (16) exhibits in over six (6) countries (ThroughtheFlower.org). The Dinner Party is a piece of art showcasing the history of women in the Western Civilization (ThroughtheFlower.org). The permanency of this painting at this Brooklyn Museum will contribute to the recognition of the women and their contributions. In addition to her works are the Birth Project, Powerplay, Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light, Resolutions: A Stitch in Time, and a number of books authored by her. Indeed, her chosen form of responding to the lack of recognition for womens contribution in the history, which is through art, is appropriate. In this world, pieces of art are like the ones created by Chicago are among the things that last for quite a long time. Remember when scientists discovered art pieces and paintings in the walls of several caves. This goes to show that art is a very important means of making people remember and see something even after the one who created it has passed away. Just the same, the works of Chicago will last for a considerable length of time and this will serve as the constant reminder for the people about the significant contributions of women and other things about women that lack appreciation. Audre Lorde: Her Life and Talking Back Audre Lorde, 5 years older than Judy Chicago, was born on February 18, 1934 in New York City to West Indian parents (Martinez). She finished her studies at the Hunter College and earned her masters degree in library studies in Columbia University in 1961 (Martinez). After which, she had worked as a librarian at the Columbia University, a lecturer in creative writing at the Hebert H. Lehman College, Associate Professor of English in John Jay College of Criminal Justice, English teacher at Hunter College, a poet in residence at Tougaloo College, and a visiting lecturer throughout the United States (Martinez). After the failure of her marriage in 1970, she had relationships with women (Martinez). In 1992, she died of cancer (Martinez). She uses the prose and romanticism mixed with strength in her poetry to fight against the discrimination of the lesbians by both the whites and the blacks, especially with the black lesbians. One of her famous quotations on lesbianism goes something like this: Any world which did not have a place for me loving women was not a world in which I wanted to live, nor one which I could fight for (Lorde qtd in Microsoft Encarta, 2006). She writes poems, novels, and other forms of literature that advocate this agenda of hers. Among her most celebrated works are Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, Cancer Journals, Sisters in Arms from Our Dead Behind Us, The First Cities, The New York Head Shop and Museum, The Black Unicorn, and Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power (Martinez). Central to her works are themes of lesbianism, love, and women empowerment. Writing is indeed one of the best forms of advocating a certain purpose. The letters lasts through time and just like Chicagos chosen form, is something that is accessible to a lot of people. This has a limitation, however, for those who can not read and does not easily capture the meaning of Lordes works. Despite this, the works of Lorde transcends through borders of different countries. Art as a Means of Responding to Women Issues Art, in its entirety, is an effective means of women advocates in addressing the issues that women face today. With art, I wish to mean the crafts that came from the heart of artists as a result of their emotions and attachments. With this, it includes poetry, painting, sculpting, and writing. Although art may have its different backgrounds, it is something where people even of different cultures can come together and share, somehow, common interests. Thus, art is a good avenue for conveying ideas for the general public. Also, because it comes from the emotions of a person, it also creates a connection to the people as something with strong emotions even if they have not seen the artist personally. Just like what Chicago did on her sculptures and paintings that are now in different museums, Lorde also has her literary pieces in circulation. Both Chicago and Lorde were able to shake up international feminist movements in Art because of their ideas. With this, both artists were able to prove that talking back does not necessarily have to be through spoken words. Discrimination of Women The issue of discrimination against women has increased in intensity as compared to the olden times. However, it remains to be a persistent dilemma that needs to be addressed incessantly. Discrimination against women may include domestic violence, discrimination in the workplace, sexual harassment and abuse, and others of the same nature (Dorsen and Lieberman, 2005). Chicago perceives of this discrimination to exist in the lack of recognition towards the contributions made by women in the Western Civilization. Thus, she was able to create a work that showcases the contributions of women and be able to put them up in a pedestal for both women and men to see. This was followed by more pieces of art that presents the importance of women in the society. The form she used was successful and has actually reached a very wide audience. Just the same, Lorde was able to contribute to the intensification of the fight against discrimination of black lesbians and to the empowerment of women. She used the might that is held by her pen and reached a lot of readers through her touching poems, novels, and essays. This is also successful and effective since the use of powerful and convincing words actually leads the readers to be awakened with the issues that women face. Works Cited "Judy Chicago." Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Lesbianism. Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Dorsen, Norman, and Lieberman, Jethro K. "Discrimination." Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Martinez, E. Lorde Audre in glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture, ed. Claude J. Summers. ThroughtheFlower.org, Judy Chicago.

The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag essays

The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag essays The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag, on the Growth of B. Cereus, E. Coli, M. Luteus and P. putida For over two hundred years, since the beginning of industrialization, man has searched for effective methods of controlling diseases and the growth of bacteria in various different fields (for example, in the eutrophication of lakes). Heavy metals have been a common component used to control the spread of bacteria, some working to a greater extent than others on assorted types of bacteria. However, is there a heavy metal that controls a wide range of bacteria effectively, or must we continually use specific elements on select types of colonies in order to achieve near-sterility? The purpose of this lab report is to, if possible, identify one particular heavy metal that effectively inhibits growth of all the selected bacteria, or identify whether each type of bacteria has a specific heavy metal that has a more powerful effect in controlling growth. This study is important in that if one heavy metal can be found to inhibit the growth of bacteria most effectively, then antiseptic indus tries may choose to use one particular heavy metal over others in sterilizing solutions. Four types of bacteria will be focused on in this study: B. cereus, E. coli, M. luteus and P. putida. Each will have the effects of three heavy metals, which are in solution form, tested on them. The heavy metal solutions to be used will be mercuric iodide (HgI2), silver nitrate (AgNO3), and copper sulfate (CuSO4). Their effectiveness will be judged on the size of the zones of inhibition that form around the filter paper soaked in the solutions. I predict that overall the mercury compound will have the most detrimental effect (and therefore larger zones of inhibition) on the four selected bacteria types, since it is known that, in general, it has very harmful effects on other living organisms. A similar study conducted by Schmidt and Schlegel on ...

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I During World War I, a battle waged between Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers amidst the cold, snowy, mountainous region of South Tyrol. While freezing cold and enemy fire were obviously dangerous, even more deadly were the heavily snow-padded peaks that surrounded the troops. Avalanches brought tons of snow and rock down these mountains, killing at an estimated 10,000 Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers in December 1916. Italy Enters World War I When World War I began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in June 1914, countries across Europe stood by their allegiances and declared war to support their own allies. Italy, on the other hand, did not. According to the Triple Alliance, first formed in 1882, Italy, Germany, and Austro-Hungary were allies. However, the terms of the Triple Alliance were specific enough to allow Italy, who had neither a strong military nor a powerful navy, to shirk their alliance by finding a way to remain neutral at the beginning of World War I. As the fighting continued into 1915, the Allied Forces (specifically Russia and Great Britain) began to woo the Italians into joining their side in the war. The lure for Italy was the promise of Austro-Hungarian lands, specifically a contested, Italian-speaking area in Tyrol, located in south-western Austro-Hungary. After more than two months of negotiations, the Allied promises were finally enough to bring Italy into World War I. Italy declared war on Austro-Hungary.on May 23, 1915. Getting the Higher Position With this new declaration of war, Italy sent troops north to attack Austro-Hungary, while Austro- Hungary sent troops to the southwest to defend itself. The border between these two countries was located in the mountain ranges of the Alps, where these soldiers fought for the next two years. In all military struggles, the side with the higher ground has the advantage. Knowing this, each side tried to climb higher into the mountains. Dragging heavy equipment and weaponry with them, soldiers climbed as high as they could and then dug in.   Tunnels and trenches were dug and blasted into the mountainsides, while barracks and forts were built to help protect the soldiers from the freezing cold. Deadly Avalanches While contact with the enemy was obviously dangerous, so were the frigid living conditions. The area, regularly icy, was particularly so from the unusually heavy snowstorms of the 1915-1916 winter, which left some areas covered in 40 feet of snow. In December 1916, the explosions from tunnel-building and from fighting took its toll for the snow began to fall off the mountains in avalanches. On December 13, 1916, a particularly powerful avalanche brought an estimated 200,000 tons of ice and rock on top of an Austrian barracks near Mount Marmolada. While 200 soldiers were able to be rescued, another 300 were killed. In the following days, more avalanches fell on troops both Austrian and Italian. The avalanches were so severe that an estimated 10,000 troops were killed by avalanche during December 1916. After the War These 10,000 deaths by avalanche did not end the war. Fighting continued into 1918, with a total of 12 battles fought in this frozen battlefield, most near the Isonzo River. When the war did end, the remaining, cold troops left the mountains for their homes, leaving much of their equipment behind.

Counceling (w3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counceling (w3) - Essay Example Therefore, psychologists and psychiatrist nowadays pay a great attention in solving family problems. Psychologists have been adopting a method in their counseling therapy called "Family Systems Theory". "[It] works with families and couples to nurture change and development," (Wikipedia1). This theory perceives the family as an independent and interdependent system. Therefore, this theory focuses on fixing any present damages between the parts of the family. In other words, the Family Systems Theory aims at repairing the relationships between the family members in order to end any stressful situations and solve any existing problems. There are several techniques which the therapist uses in order to reach his prime target. However, the main and most principle step is family meetings. "This offers the opportunity to discuss specific, practical issues and provides a safe space to talk about feelings that surround [the family] and long-term planning," (CareSupportofAmerica1). The therapi st meets with the family together trying to listen to their individual points of view. This step is considered to be extremely beneficial because the psychologist gets a fair chance of viewing the way each member of the family interacts with the other. Moreover, everyone gains an opportunity of knowing the other persons point of view, which can absolutely be a successful way of resolving a lot of current misunderstandings (Wikipedia1). The counselor within his sessions tries to point out and explain to the whole family different methods of dealing with problems and certain situations than the ones they have been adopting or using (Wikipedia1). In other words, the psychotherapist trains the family members how to alter their responses towards each other in certain situations in order to change their behaviors and thus prevent future conflicts. The family systems theory is used by psychologists all over the world.

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and Essay

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and politics - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Julian Assange was known only as an â€Å"Australian moderator of the Legal Aspects of Computer Crime mailing list and a researcher who has written extensively about hackers† in the beginning of this century, that is, before he became a controversial celebrity who all know of. This is why calling Julian Assange, a â€Å"cypherpunk revolutionary†, Robert Manne has said, â€Å"Less than twenty years ago Julian Assange was sleeping rough. Even a year ago hardly anyone knew his name. Today he is one of the best-known and most-respected human beings on earth†. The seemingly sudden rise to the fame of this Australian individual has a socio-political context and a corresponding history. The way his actions have impacted the communication processes and the politics in the globalized world is a topic that has international implications. The geopolitics of his physical location to the ideological underpinnings of his intelle ctual landscape that he has extended to others through the internet represents a whole new world of possibilities- in communication, freedom, and democracy. Julian Assange has been a hacker since when the first generation of computer hackers started rewriting the laws of internet communication. In the book, Underground, written by Suelette Dreyfus, and for which Assange worked as a researcher, a hacker named Mendax was featured and this hacker really was none other than Assange himself. (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was in 1988, that Assange became a hacker (Manne, 2011a, p.197). He formed a group called International Subversives along with two other hackers (Manne, 2011a, p.197). Dreyfus (2006-07) had described the politics of this group as â€Å"fiercely anti-establishment; their motive adventure and intellectual curiosity; their strict ethic not to profit by their hacking or to harm the computers they entered† (as cited in Manne, 2011a, p.197). Assange was a member of the free software movement, he participated in the creation of NetBSD, an open source computer operating system, and got involved with a movement called cypherpunks in 1993 (Manne, 2011a, p.203-204). The idea of WikiLeaks had been borne out of this movement (Manne, 2011a, p.203). Among the cypherpunk group of hackers to which he belonged, Assange was somewhat an exception to others (who were anarcho-capitalists) by keeping a left leaning though he is an â€Å"anti-communist† (Manne, 2011a, p.211). The basic philosophy of cypherpunks was again the issue whether: The state would strangle individual freedom and privacy through its capacity of electronic surveillance or whether autonomous individuals would eventually undermine and even destroy the state through their deployment of electronic weapons newly at hand (Manne, 2011a, p.204). It was rumored that a 1989 attack that was carried out â€Å"from Australia on the NASA computer system via the introduction of what was called the WANK worm in an attempt to sabotage the Jupiter launch of the Galileo rocket as part of an action of anti-nuclear activists† was the work of Assange (Manne, 2011a, p.197). A programme written by Assange was named sycophant and it allowed his hacking group to hack into the US military systems (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was when his group hacked into the Canadian telecommunications corporation NORTEL, that his hacking was found out for the first time (Manne, 2011a, p.197). In the police action that followed, Assange was arrested in a totally devastated state of mind and admitted to a hospital (Manne, 2011a, p.198). Manne (2011a) has observed that this arrest and the time spent in jail was what shaped his politics (p.198). Suburbia Public Access Network was the next war front that Assange opened (Manne, 2011a, p.200). It was a convergi ng point for many email lists and activist groups (manne, 2011a, p.200

Rabies :: essays research papers

Rabies Rabies is an infectious disease of animals which is a member of a group of viruses constituting the family Rhabdoviridae. The virus particle is covered in a fatty membrane, is bullet-shaped, 70 by 180 nanometres and contains a single helical strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Although rabies is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals, all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection. The virus is often present in the salivary glands of infected animals, referred to as rabid, and is excreted in the saliva. The bite of the infected animal easily introduces the virus into a fresh wound. In humans, rabies is not usually spread from man to man, rather the majority of infections occur from rabid dogs. After a person has been inoculated, the virus enters small nerve ends around the site of the bite, and slowly travels up the nerve to reach the central nervous system (CNS) where it reproduces itself, and will then travel down nerves to the salivary glands and replicate further. The time it takes to do this depends on the length of the nerve it must travel - a bite on the foot will have a much lengthier incubation period than a facial bite would. This period may last from two weeks to six months, and often the original wound will have healed and been forgotten by the time symptoms begin to occur. Symptoms in humans present themselves in one of two forms: ‘furious rabies', or ‘ dumb rabies'. The former is called such because of the severe nature and range of the symptoms. The virus, upon reaching the CNS will present the person with headache, fever, irritability, restlessness and anxiety. Progression may occur on to muscle pains, excessive salivation, and vomiting. After a few days or up to a week the person may go through a stage of excitement, and be afflicted with painful muscle spasms which are sometimes set off by swallowing of saliva or water. Because of this the afflicted will drool and learn to fear water, which is why rabies in humans was sometimes called Hydrophobia. The patients are also extremely sensitive to air or drafts blown on their face. The stage lasts only fews days before the onset of a coma, then death. Dumb rabies begins similarly to furious rabies, but instead of symptoms progressing to excitement, a steady retreat and quiet downhill state occurs. This may be accompanied with paralysis before death. Rabies diagnosis in this type of cases can be missed. Unfortunately with both furious and dumb rabies, once the disease has taken hold

The Fatherless Family and Woman in Banana Yoshimoto’s Works

As Yoshimoto is a female novelist writing mainly about women in contemporary Japan, it will be interesting and important to explore more deeply the type and role of the women she portrays. While she seems to describe the lives of independent women, she put them into a mostly traditional setting in the house.As Banana Yoshimoto writes mainly about women's relationships, feelings, and thoughts in relation to Japanese contemporary society from a woman's perspective, the paper will research these aspects of her female protagonists' lives with regard to role of father in a family, family relationships in general and spiritual connection to the world that surrounds them. To comprehend the change that has taken place within the role of women in Japanese literature and possibly Japanese society, we must examine more closely the concept of family as it is in Japan today and in the literature of Banana Yoshimoto.For example, the family and its values is one of the bases for a society, thus, so cietal changes often find their reflection in the family concept. The Family and Father in Contemporary Japan Most of her main characters are young women who have graduated from high school and are either on their way into or out of university, and many of them work in part time jobs. This depiction of young and independent women at an age ‘in-between' main stages of their lives is also typical of shojo culture (Treat 359).In her stories, the traditional family structure seems to have dissolved, and the women, neither ‘just' housewives, nor established as equals, are somewhat floating in a diffuse area ‘in-between'. Yoshimoto's women often do not follow the traditional ways in a society that was changed by the increasing influence from the West. Women in particular are left alone and searching for new ways in a seemingly unstable world. Thus, neither Kazami nor Sui in N. P. , Tsugumi and Maria in Tsugumi, Mikage in Kitchen, Satsuki in Moonlight Shadow nor Yayoi and Yukino in Kanashii Yokan lead a conventional school or work life.All of them are from unconventional families, most of them fatherless. The narrator in N. P. , Kazami, lives with her mother, an English teacher, after her father died in the US; her sister lives in England. Kazami's boyfriend, a translator of Japanese literary works into English who was many years her senior, committed suicide. Only her grandparents who live in Yokohama still seem to lead traditional Japanese lives; however, they do not play an important role in the story. The father of Kazami's mysterious friend Sui, a famous Japanese writer, also committed suicide and leaving Sui to lead most of her life alone.Both young women are somewhat adrift. They are driven through life by upcoming events, and do not initiate the events that shape their lives. They are lost in this world without guidance or ‘fatherly love' in their lives. Different surveys conducted in 1983 in Japan revealed that one out of four couples who marry today divorce, and there is a divorce every 2 minutes and 57 seconds (Yamaguchi 246). While divorce in Japan has not reached the high percentages that exist in Western countries, it is obviously becoming more and more common.However, divorce is only accountable for about half of the households that exist without a father. About 36% of these households are fatherless because of death (Yamaguchi 248). Both factors supply us with insightful background information and a possible explanation for Banana Yoshimoto's family settings. It has often been assumed that such public display of dissolution of the traditional nuclear family as portrayed in Yoshimoto's and other women writer's fiction is still uncommon in contemporary Japan.However, the statistics prove Yoshimoto's fiction to be not quite so far removed from reality in this respect and that her work might be considered a reflection on contemporary Japanese society. Another interesting factor in the 189,000 divorces in Japa n in 1993, the highest number in history, is the so-called â€Å"retirement divorce (Yamaguchi 248). † Women divorce their husbands, who never spent any time at home while they were working, as soon as the husbands retire and end up spending most of their time at home.â€Å"Couples married twenty years or more represented over 15 percent of the total figure; moreover, in the majority of these cases the divorces were initiated by the wife (Yamaguchi 248). † Although divorce is a relatively common phenomenon in Japan today, divorced women are still looked upon rather unsympathetically. However, they are at times respected as individuals since the concept of individualism has grown more influential and is slowly replacing the strict and traditional system. Accordingly, a strong position of women – single, married or divorced – has become more common and more public.Hikami calls this â€Å"the emergence of the strong wife – strong to the point of bein g overpowering — completely sure of herself and quick to give up on her husband for his shortcomings (Yamaguchi 249). † As a result of seeing uncooperative husbands and of witnessing wives abandon their careers to become full-time housewives in their parents' generation, many young women are disillusioned and shy away from marriage. The result is an â€Å"age of nonmarriage (Yamaguchi 249)†. Thus, Yoshimoto's characters are not completely in â€Å"a fantasy land far removed from reality† as Yokochi Samuel claims (229).While it is true that â€Å"familyless children, lesbianism, incest, telepathy and violent death† are part of many of her stories, these situations are exaggerations that reflect a changing reality in Japan today (Samuel 229). They are set, however, before the background of the emotions of the protagonists, feelings of devastation, of longing and a search for happiness on a personal level. These elements are quite common phenomena not only in fiction but also in real life. In fact, her narrations are popular because many people can very well relate to them and see connections to their own lives.While Yoshimoto's fiction is not necessarily a realistic depiction of Japanese everyday life, the observations so far seem to suggest that she captures some essence, undercurrent feelings and ideas, and societal tendencies of life in contemporary Japan in her stories (Samuel). The Fatherless Family in Yoshimoto's Novels The topic of a lack of a father figure runs through all of Banana Yoshimoto's fiction. In Kitchen, Mikage is an orphan confronted with the death of her grandmother who had been her last surviving family member.She is lost and lonely finding the sound of the refrigerator in their kitchen the only consolation – until she meets some people who take her in and thus save her from her immediate (physical) loneliness. Her new host family is not traditional either. Yuichi's mother is dead and his father had operations done which transformed him into an attractive woman, Eriko. This is not described as something extraordinary, however. Rather this type of family seems to be working quite well and seems to give a loving environment to all members. While the family situation in N. P. is equally uncommon, this is not the case in all of Yoshimoto's stories.The main characteristic of the family situations in Amrita, Tsugumi, Kanashii Yokan and Kitchen is still the existence of substitute families that consist mainly of women. There exists a specific connection among the women, which allows for a special way in which they relate to each other. Left alone by the men in their lives (with or without this being their fault) in a world that is confusing, lonely and without guidance, they search for and often seem to find a bond mostly with other women, which provides them with a new support system. This makes them partners in the search for new ways to lead their lives.When describing Yoshimoto's unconventional – the so-called dysfunctional -family of which there is a plentitude in her stories, Treat remarks that this concept is very untypical in Japan. In Yoshimoto's stories â€Å"the family is ‘assembled'. — Blood ties and genealogy are less important than circumstance and simple human affinity (Treat 369). † Traditionally, immense importance was placed on the family as the smallest unit that supports the bigger unit of the state in the Confucian state system and on blood ties within the Japanese society. Considering this Yoshimoto's concept seems quite revolutionary.The concept of family that Yoshimoto describes in her novels is strikingly different. Her families are often not created by marriage and procreation and do not prevail because of blood bonds. Everybody can become a member of the family. As Yoshimoto remarks herself: Wherever I go I end up turning people into a ‘family' of my own. (†¦ ) What I call a family is still a group of fellow-strangers who have come together, and because there's nothing more to it than that we really form good relations with each other. It's hard for us to leave each other, and each time it does I think to myself that ‘life is just saying good-bye.‘ But while it lasts there are a lot of good things, so I put up with it. (Treat 370) These families seem to form almost accidentally, in a casual manner. The real bonds are created through coincidence and through spiritual bonds. These bonds, thus, just like most of the protagonists' lives in Yoshimoto's stories, are of the moment. They are created spontaneously or even somewhat accidentally as is the case for Mikage in Kitchen who is taken in by complete strangers. They can also be dissolved spontaneously as Maria's father's marriage in Tsugumi.Without a value judgment ever being made, the close personal bonds, even if deep at the time, are not necessarily lasting. This is how Sakumi, the young female narrator of the no vel Amrita, describes her own family: Blood ties seemed unrelated to how we were living. (†¦ ) I believe that as long as there is someone in charge of the household, someone who can maintain order among its members, someone who is clearly mature and established as a person, someone, in other words, like my mother, then eventually all who live under the same roof, despite blood ties or lineage, will at one point become family.(Amrita 6) But Sakumi goes beyond this realization: â€Å"If the same people don't spend enough time in a home, even if they are connected by blood, their bonds will slowly fade away like a familiar landscape (Amrita 6). † This hints at the typical Japanese family situation of the 20th century industrialized society in which the husband considers the company he works for his family and spends hardly any time at all at home. People, even those connected by blood ties, are not necessarily an active and real part of a family anymore if they are never at home.Even if younger men are more open to change, they often are forced to put a preference on the company over their families. â€Å"It is the corporate system itself and the culture to which it has given birth which controls the men who work within it. † (Fujimura-Fanselow 231) As a result, men seem to have faded from family life, the result of which, a strong female community, can be seen in Yoshimoto's stories. The real families here seem to be non-biological ones, consisting of people who care for each other and are often centered on one central person, who seems to hold everything together, most frequently the mother.Thus, while men are not necessary anymore for a functioning family apart from their financial support, women are vital to the family. This is also demonstrated in the fact that Yuichi's father in Kitchen has a sex change after the death of his wife so that he can take on the role of the ‘mother' for his/her son. The fathers — if existent -are reduced to the role of the bread-winner and are otherwise emotionally and spiritually completely unattached to women's (or children's) lives. This in no true recreation of the traditional family.Members of the ‘new' families always remain single individuals to some extent, which allows for the spontaneous creation and dissolution of family bonds. This is also the case in Tsugumi where the family of the young female narrator, Maria, consists only of her mother. Together they live with the family of her mother's sister (husband, wife and two daughters), in Lzu, a small town at the ocean. Maria's father is married to another woman and lives, separated from her, in Tokyo. However, in this story, the father eventually divorces his wife.He marries Maria's mother and moves both Maria and her mother with him to Tokyo, trying hard to make up for the missed family life. Maria's family consisted mainly of her mother and her aunt's family in which the husband again played a minor role. It is a family of women who support each other and are best friends at the same time. While Maria and her mother are painfully aware of the fact that their busy and comfortable life among women before the marriage will always be missing from their new life in Tokyo, they both acknowledge the new husband's efforts to create a comfortable and harmonious family home for all of them.However, this traditional family consisting of a father, a mother and a daughter appears to be an artificial construct (albeit a happy one) in comparison to the ‘natural' family both women lived in before. In Tokyo they all must make an effort to be a happy family together while this was a natural given before. Because the three of us were involved in such an uncommon situation, we treated each other so kindly like members of a ‘typical happy family' on a billboard. Every one of us tried not to show the mash of emotions that actually existed in the depths of our souls. Life is a play. (Tsugumi 42)T hus, the traditional family is an artificial construct in contrast to the new concept of a family of women or peers, which is presented as the natural one. Again, Yoshimoto plays with the reversal of the ordinary and the extraordinary. The traditional family here is, however, based on love and care and thus, a positive one in this story. Maria's father explains that such emotions and such constructs as families can be and often are temporary. During the long time that I was separated from you and during which I often felt very lonely, I learned how important to me are the people who are closest to me: my family.It could happen, of course, that my opinion changed someday and that I will treat you and your mother unkindly — but that's life! Maybe someday the time will come when our hearts don't beat so closely together anymore, but exactly because of such times it is important to create many happy memories. (Tsugumi 43) Apart from the traditional family being something of an ar tificial construct, which all members have to work for in order to make it a happy one, here it also appears to be possibly a temporary one.Maria's father talks of the fleetingness of emotions and attachments to other people, similar to the narrator's remarks on various occasions. Maria's father concludes that the temporariness of things forces people to live life to the fullest and enjoy the happiness and friendship at the time you have them because they might be gone soon. This is not said with any feeling of bitterness. Rather, it seems to be a simple statement about certain unchangeable facts of life. The happiness or harmony of a good family life, thus, has to be cherished and all members here are clearly aware of this.In accordance with the life of shojo as a stage in Japanese women's lives, Maria remarks on the temporariness of friendships and the existence of separate circles in one's life. She realizes that life consists of different stages and that you have to finish one s tage in order to move on. One of these stages is her life at the seaside with Tsugumi and her family. When she returns to Tokyo for good after a wonderful summer with Tsugumi she realizes: â€Å"from this point onward my new life will begin (Tsugumi 170). † The experience of living life in separate stages or episodes is also a topic in Kanashii Yokan.After Yayoi's parents die, the first ‘episode' of her life ends. She is adopted into a family with a younger son, Tetsuo. While Yayoi's foster parents take good care of her, she also feels drawn towards her ‘aunt' Yukino, who later reveals herself as her older sister. Yayoi's following search for the memory of her lost family is a third episode in the life of Yayoi during which she manages to bring the past to closure with the help of Yukino. Yukino herself suffered tremendously from the loss of her parents. She was nearly an adult at the time of the accident and did not want to be adopted into a new family.After her parents' death, she was not willing to form close bonds with people anymore. A similar change within the family life takes place in Kitchen and in Amrita. In Kitchen, Mikage goes from having no family at the beginning of the story when her grandmother dies, to a substitute family of a boy, Yuichi, who had befriended Mikage's grandmother earlier in her flower shop and his father Yuji, who had an operation done which transformed him into a woman, Eriko, after the death of his beloved wife. Eriko works in a nightclub. While highly unconventional, these strangers take Mikage in and make her feel completely at home.They become her family. The closeness of this family stems from an initial sympathy, compassion and understanding for one another. On the other hand it is the result of a similarity of experiences of the two juveniles, the painful loss of a beloved family member and the difficulty of dealing with the resulting feeling of loss and loneliness. Both end up as orphans when a forme r customer in the second part of the story stabs Eriko to death. Both young people have to construct their lives completely anew, purely based on their own emotions and intentions. Society does not seem to intrude into these spheres (of the characters' lives).Society does not help these lonely young people, nor does it particularly obstruct their way of finding themselves and their way in life. It simply does not seem to exist anymore. There is no such all-embracing concept as a society anymore that has any lasting influence on the protagonists. People (at least the protagonists) exist only as individuals. Although they try to connect to other individuals and thus create new ‘families', they still remain often lonely individuals. A group identity can rarely be detected, as every individual seems to struggle along their own lonely and sometimes happy path.The only element in their lives they have in common is the necessity to deal with the death of a loved one and the awareness of their own loneliness. In this context it is remarkable how the news of the sex transformation of Yuichi's father is received. Mikage is surprised but, in fact, accepts this extraordinary fact quite easily. And Yuichi explains this surgery in a very calm and natural manner: After my real mother died, Eriko quit her job, gathered me up, and asked herself, ‘What do I want to do now? ‘ What she decided was, â€Å"Become a woman. ‘ She knew she'd never love anyone else. She says that before she became a woman she was very shy.Because she hates to do things halfway, she had everything ‘done' from her to face to her whatever, and with the money she had left over she bought that nightclub. She raised me a woman alone, as it were. ‘ He smiled. ‘What an amazing life story! ‘ (Kitchen 14) Again in Banana Yoshimoto's stories, someone was confronted with an extreme situation, the death of a beloved family member, and she shows his unusual way of dea ling with it. As a result of this situation, the protagonists once again create a ‘fatherless family', with Yuichi, his mother/father Eriko and Mikage. Thus, the juveniles are thrown into adulthood.They â€Å"are not children; they just dream like children. Instead of fathers and mothers, there are surrogate fathers and brothers, dressed in women's clothes† [in Moonlight Shadow] (Buruma 29). Cultural conventions and society are forces that are simply not taken into consideration: the decision to make such an immense change is purely up to the individual. Nowhere is the reaction of society – in form of former co-workers, other family members or friends – ever mentioned. Only Eriko's death in the second part of the story hints at an unusual life: an angry customer of the nightclub shoots her when he finds out she was formerly a man.Her violent death can also be related to the extreme extent and permanence of her change. Hiiragi's cross-dressing in Moonlight Shadow on the other hand is less extreme as it is not permanent. In Kitchen the family life is surely not a traditional one and it does not closely resemble Japanese life in reality. However, it goes beyond reality in a somewhat logical way. The concept of the father- or man-less family also exists in Amrita. In this story a group of women share a household and the only male member is a little boy.Yukiko lives in an apartment with her daughter from her first marriage, Sakumi (22), and her son from her second marriage, Yoshio (10). Other members of the household are Yukiko's niece (daughter of her younger sister), Mikiko, who is a student at a nearby women's college and Junko, a divorced childhood friend of Yukiko. This mostly female cast was created by unconventional situations as both the older adult women, Yukiko and Junko, are divorced single parents. Yukiko even divorced twice. Her first husband, who had died of cerebral thrombosis, was 21 years her senior, and six years after h is death she remarried.Explicit reasons for the split-up with her second husband are hardly given. Just like Eriko's sexual change in Kitchen, this is simply accepted as a fact of life. The focus of the story, thus, is on the â€Å"home brought together nicely like a woman's paradise. † And the narrator Sakumi finds herself â€Å"attracted to the lifestyle — Blood-ties seemed unrelated to how we were living (Amrita 5). † While this family situation does not claim to be ideal, it offers an alternative to the traditional lifestyle. The women in this story are not necessarily happier or more successful by living mainly with other women.It simply seems to be a concept that works better for them and that it is more convenient or harmonic. Premature death is also present in this story. Sakumi's younger sister Mayu, a beautiful young movie actress, dies in a car accident at 18. It is after her death that the story starts, thus showing the reaction of the other family m embers to this death and the searching and the healing process connected to it. However, this process is hardly taking place as a group effort. Rather, each person struggles alone and leads his or her life individually and separately from others.The strain on this family, created by loss and emotional stress, eventually threatens to drive the family members apart. Part of the reason for this is the fact that they hardly ever meet as they did in the past: sitting around the kitchen table in the middle of the night eating or drinking coffee (Simon 34). This fits very well with the concept of the change of the role of the dining table in Japan. In the past (traditionally), all family members would sit around the dining table to communicate, exchange their thoughts and feelings. This exchange holds a family together.In the postmodern society this concept changed as the traditional family lost its strength. Yoshimoto describes different stages of this connectedness of a family using the symbol of assembling around a table. Each story focuses on a different aspect: Tsugumi shows the more traditional concept, in Amrita the kitchen table as a symbol for the unity of the family is in danger of vanishing and in Kitchen it is virtually nonexistent at first but newly created by the new family member Mikage. Overall this concept reveals the dissolution of traditional, and the new creation of alternative families.In the search for structures and new institutions, the kitchen table, thus, plays an important role — it leads the way to a new unity among the family members who still stand somewhat alone as individuals. â€Å"The desertions are in a sense balanced by new unions, though, ultimately, a sense of longing remains (Galef 23). † Conclusion As a result of social, historical and economical developments and the internationalization of Japanese society, strict religious beliefs – whether Buddhist or Shintoist – and the Confucian value system are losing their significance within the lives of young Japanese.This generates a variety of problems including loss of a meaningful context of life and the lack of a social support system for the individual. Banana Yoshimoto describes the resulting feeling of instability in most of her novels, in which the individual often stands alone facing a sometimes threatening world of tragedies to cope with and difficult choices to make. Her characters have to deal with the death of loved ones and other challenging situations without having any support from either family or society. Her real interest is a psychological one.Banana Yoshimoto's characters have to endure hardships and suffering. This experience, however, also has its positive component: it initiates the process of searching for one's own identity and enables the individual to grow mentally. â€Å"Coping with problems and growing: I believe, those are the things that shape the mental and spiritual development of a person, with all his hopes and possibilities. â€Å"182 Thus, her stories describe a healing process after a tragic incident or difficult situation, which leads to personal growth.Yoshimoto makes the suffering of people who do not fit into the ‘system' of Japanese culture and norms and who, therefore, are confined to life at the margin of society, her cause. â€Å"I wanted to communicate the notion that such (troubled) people should be able to live as they please, without interference from others. Anyone should, for that matter. † (N. P. 194) She extends the struggle of her characters to a more general statement about the importance of individualist thinking and the denial of society's controlling function. By doing so she justifies also the dissolution of traditional gender roles in her stories.While it is possible in her stories for men and women to remain in the traditional roles, this is merely an option – and not a very desirable one at that. As most of her characters face extreme challenges in their lives, they search for and – eventually expose their innermost feelings, which — as a result – are often appropriately extreme. Without society as a regulating institution, people choose their individual paths, and it turns out that these paths include the discovery of a female side within the personality of some men.While this is based on purely individualist thought, it incorporates the idea that closer mental contact and understanding between the sexes, which is developing within the younger generations, is also a necessity for interpersonal relationships as young women are not willing anymore to stay within their traditional roles. Accordingly, they do not care to accept men who stick to the traditional male role either. Thus, within her concept of individualism, Banana Yoshimoto supports not a radical but a very strong feminist point of view. Her female characters stand alone and find their own way in life.

An Analysis of Starbucks Essay - 5104 Words

An Analysis of Starbucks Company History Starbucks was opened its first coffee company in Seattle’s Pike place Market on 1971. The name was taken from the first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (Company Profile, 2005). Products Beverages: Brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso, cold blended beverages, roasted whole bean coffees, tea products, fruit juice, sodas, and coffee liqueur. Food: Sandwich, Salads, pastries and ice creams. Non food items: Mugs, Travel tumblers, coffeemakers, coffee grinders, storage containers, compact discs, games, seasonal novelty items, Starbucks card, media bar. International Business Development In order to achieve Starbucks mission to be a global company, the development†¦show more content†¦2002 Starbucks open in Oman, Germany, Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Southern China, Macao and Shenzhen, Greece and Indonesia. 2003 Starbucks open in Turkey, Peru, Chile and Cyprus. 2004 Expansion to France 2005 The latest expansion in Jordan Expand market into China When did it enter into China? In 1971, Starbucks opened its first coffee shop at Seattle. Since then, more and more coffee stores scattered across the United States and Canada. The serious problem which Starbucks faced to was saturated home market. In 1996, therefore, Starbucks expended its retail business to overseas, with new locations in Japan, Hawaii, and Singapore orderly, while keeping increase of profit in its home market (Qin, 2004). Where did it choose first? And then where? It was until 1999 that the first Starbucks entered into Beijing, China. 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