Buying My First Car Essay

A Bit of Memoir We rounded the corner and there it was, the stout, perfect looking black Jeep Cherokee that my dad and I had just driven and hour to look at. It looked like every other one that I had seen in pictures, but there was the feeling that this one could possibly be mine. The week before, I had been furiously searching Craigslist and Jeep Forum classifieds looking for a Jeep, particularly a Cherokee with low miles, little to no rust, and the right price, between the years 1997 and 1999. With the tight guidelines that I had for the car, it made it hard to find one. However, acquiring a Cherokee was only the first part; I had many plans once I had one of my own, plans to lift it and put some big mud tires on it, along with some other jeep essentials. My friend had his lifted Cherokee for a few months, and I had wanted one just like it for quite a while. After calling up multiple private sellers and used car dealerships, I had found one not far from me. A used car dealership had three Cherokees, all with low miles, and relatively fair prices. My dad and I decided to go check them out, with the hopes of being able to talk the salesman down a few hundred dollars. After driving a half hour or so, we arrive at the dealership, and there, parked in the front three spots were the jeeps. We made our way over and I was instantly checking them all out, making sure that I kept my cool. The salesman comes out, a big guy who looks like he could be on steroids, and he and my dad started talking. Instantly, like any used car salesman, he goes right into telling us about how awesome these Jeeps are, that they’re in perfect condition. We had narrowed down the three jeeps to one, and naturally we wanted to take it to a local mechanic. Most people would have no problem with this, but this guy did. After he refused to let us take it to our mechanic, we were turned off. In addition, he had given us a price on the phone, and then he told us a higher price when we were there talk ing face to face. At that point we were out of there. I was truly upset; I had mgotten my hopes up that I would be driving one of those Jeeps home. My dad told me not to be upset, and that we would find another one that same day. Still at the dealership, we were still sitting in our parked car; both of us on our iPhones looking up classifieds near our area. I find one that looks good, and it’s only a ferry ride away. This one was from a private seller and she had just listed it up that morning, so my dad called her up immediately. We told her we could come to see it that day, and she agreed. We raced to catch the next ferry, which we barely made. Driving off the ferry ramp, we headed to the address the lady gave us. We ended up in a somewhat rough neighborhood, but we decided we came too far to turn around because of some Mexicans with baggy shorts down to their ankles and flat brim hats. We finally got there, and there it is, sitting on the side of the road outside a small conventional house. The lady walked out her front door, and I was already looking under the jeep and checking it out. Everything is checking out, the miles were low, there were very little signs of rust, and I was getting excited. Eventually I was behind the wheel and out for a test drive. The engine ran a little rough, but it was nothing I couldn’t fix on my own. So my dad and I are sitting in the car on the other side of the block, and he asks me if I want it. I, of course, said yes, and we went back and worked a price out. Even though the lady only came down from her price a mere 50 dollars, we still ended up making the deal. Finally, my own car, and the exact one I wanted. I drove it all the way home with no plates, riding on the hopes that the police weren’t out that night. It was exciting to finally be driving the car that I would call mine. I was already imagining the I remember parking it on the ferry and looking at it from the upper deck of the parking garage. I got it home and everyone came out the front door of my house as I pulled down the driveway. It seemed as if my family was more excited about it then I was, which puzzled me. I felt proud of myself for finding the Jeep and being able to bring it home the exact same day. All the weeks of searching for a car had amounted to this one day, where it all happened in a matter of hours.

Process or Reality Therapy

Reality therapy is an active, directive, and didactic model for change that stresses the person’s present behavior. A basic tenet of reality therapy is that individuals are responsible for their own behavior. It is a common sense approach an can be used by a wide variety of persons as well as highly trained professionals (Videbeck, 2007). The focus of reality therapy is behavior, not attitude, insight, feelings, one’s past, or unconscious motivation. This model refutes the medical model and encourages positive growth and success.It concentrates on what the clients can do practically to change behavior to fulfill their needs. The client is asked to identify wants and needs. They are asked to evaluate their behavior, formulate a plan for change, and follow though with their plan (Read, 1997). Reality therapy is grounded in the assumption that we all create our inner world. How the real world exists is not important, but rather what is important is the way we perceive it t o exist. Behavior is an attempt to control our perceptions of external world to fit our internal and personal world (Fatout, 1992).The process of reality therapy is: 1) Make friends – establish a warm, supportive relationship, and insist that clients take a look at the lives they are choosing to lead. 2) Focus upon daily activities and ask what they are doing now. 3) Ask the question: Is what you are doing helping you? 4) Help the client make a plan to do better. Using reality therapy requires a lot of time used in planning and checking with the client on how the plans are being carried out. 5) Commitment to the plan. 6) No excuses.7) No nourishment.These two go together, when there is commitment to plan, there is no excuse for not following through. 8) Never give up. To approach a person with the idea that, if things don’t work, we’re going to give up. Always have as your motto â€Å"We have just begun to fight. † 9) Once the relationship has developed a level of trust and friendship, introduce the client to Jesus Christ and present the plan of salvation. Incorporating biblical principles is the area of problem solving (Watson & Watson, 2005).

Paraphrase..rewrttin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paraphrase..rewrttin - Essay Example However, cancer treatments are conducted by two radiation methods i.e. ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. The ionizing radiation includes X-rays and Gamma rays, as (Yale 2001) identified a disadvantage of passing ionization radiation process from the body. The ionization radiations are absorbed by thick tissues in the body that enables them to be chemically reactive resulting in a cell damage. The study concluded restrictions for using ionization radiation to a minimal as it can raise issues related to human health. Disclosure to ionization radiation is another factor that needs consideration, as there are evidences available that has linked disclosure of low-level ionization radiation by the doses, which are given for the development of cancer by medical imaging. An inclusive review of biological and epidemiological data associated with health risk of ionization radiation exposure was conducted by the ‘National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council. Moreover , the review is recently published in the form of a report named as the Biological Effects of Ionization Radiation (BEIR) VII Phase 2. In the report, the epidemiologic data demonstrated the survivors of the atomic bomb along with the population living near the facilities that are equipped with nuclear technology throughout the releases of Chernobyl, which is a radioactive material. Moreover, report also includes the workers who are exposed by occupations and populations, who faced exposure with the aid of therapeutic and diagnostic medical studies. Commonly used CT examinations that includes radiation doses that are received by humans, amplify the risk of cancer. For instance, increased risk of cancers is identified within the survivors of Hiroshima, as Nagasaki atomic bombs affects on these people were exposed by the ranges of 10 to 100 milli-sieverts (mSv). This value is equivalent to a single CT scan radiation exposure and patients do conduct CT scans multiple times during the tr eatment. (Smith-Bindman et al 2009) Risks involved in the use of Ionizing radiation The first hard tumour that was found, resulted from the ionization radiation effects. Consequently, securing from the ionization radiation methods that facilitates medical procedures has grabbed significant concerns. Predominantly, the rise in various medical procedures incorporating ionization radiation(Davros et al 2007). In order to protect people from this kind of radiation, an establishment of an International Commission for Radiation Protection took place in 1928. "The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) estimates that the average person has an approximately 4-5% increased relative risk of fatal cancer after a whole-body dose of 1 Sv. However, other studies on multiple cohorts of radiation workers have largely failed to establish statistically significant cancer risks. When multiple occupational cohorts were combined and evaluated in a somewhat systematic way, a combined excess relative risk of cancer death of just less than 1% was estimated" (Cardis et al 2005). In between years 1950s and 1960s, many traces become visible conclusion that the ionization radiation is dangerous for humans. Likewise, experimentations were conducted on rats by passing X-rays has also concluded the contribution of ionization radiation at low levels causing imminent deaths. Similarly, there are many proofs to conclude that the frequent use of radiation can cause

Forgotten Wars; Operation Blue Star Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Forgotten Wars; Operation Blue Star - Essay Example Large scale protests by the Sikh community all over the world followed. On 31st October 1984, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards. Frenzied mobs attacked the Sikh Community in Delhi and some other northern states and more than 8000 Sikhs lost their lives. The operation blue star and the Sikh massacre following Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s assassination have left indelible scars on the psych of the Sikh community. Though the incidents are fresh in the Sikh minds they are totally forgotten by the authorities who are responsible for punishing the culprits and upholding justice. The Sikhs are left to wonder whether are part of India at all. Altogether, the event ‘Operation Blue Star’ has been overlooked or under-studied within war studies. It is relevant to trace the historical background of the Sikh race, their struggles and the events leading up to their current plight. History has not been kind to the Sikh community. They always had to fight for their survival. In 17th and 18th centuries they had to fight many wars, mostly with the Moghul army. According a website data, more than 20,000 Sikhs were massacred by Afghan invader, Ahmed Shah’s soldiers on 5th of February 1762. Sikhs call this incident ‘Wadda Ghalughara’, which means ‘the great holocaust’ (All About Sikhs). Their ten Gurus guided them and led them in theses wars. The Sikhs have always been enthralled by the sacrifice, courage valour and dignity of their Gurus. During the years 1845 to 1846, the British troops defeated the Sikh army and took control of the state. The British rightly judged that the Sikh were like wounded lions and would not take it lying low. So they adopted a strategy of pacification. They allowed the Sikhs to practice their religion freely. They recruited Sikhs into the British army allowing them to retain all the

Using social media for advertising Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Using social media for advertising - Coursework Example By seeing the growing reputation of these social networks among public, now advertisers are also choosing social networking sites to advertise their products and services. This paper discusses how advertisers take benefits of social networks to advertise their products. At the start we will discuss about social networks, after that we will discuss why people use social networks, and in the last we will discuss the role of social networks in advertising. According to (Boyd & Ellison, 2007), social media based sites or social networks are one of the most attractive web-based applications or tools which individuals/users use to perform the following actions: In this scenario, the basic objective of these social networks is not that they help individuals communicate and make relationships with unknown persons, but, it helps individuals create, maintain, and make identifiable their social networks or profiles. In other words, it can be said that this results in communication with individuals that would not in other ways be possible or done, even though that is not the main goal, since these communications or relationships are usually among "latent ties" the users having some offline links (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Presently, the trend of social networking is growing everywhere and the social networking websites have turned out to be a family name. In spite of the fact that, it is an individual’s private or professional existence, they are in actual fact magnificent procedure for making new relationships online and communicating with friends, colleagues (Sedycias, 2009) because a social networking web site is a kind of website where individuals and groups are able to build up an online profile, after that they enter their interests in the profile, as well as they can add or insert connections to other profiles. In addition, the people using social networking sites are able

Compare and contrast christianity and hinduism Essay

Compare and contrast christianity and hinduism - Essay Example Christians believe in the holy book Bible that is completely different from the holy book of Hindus i.e. Gita. Christians and Hindus have different holy days. Hindus celebrate Holi and Diwali while Christians celebrate Christmas. Concept of life is completely different between Hinduism and Christianity. Hindus believe that every individual is blessed with seven life chances. That essentially means that an individual does not end up on death as per the Hindu belief. Instead, one gains birth seven times before diminishing from this world. Also, one may not necessarily gain life as a human in the next life. What one is blessed or cursed with in a particular life depends upon the deeds one did in the preceding life period. On the other hand, Christians believe in only one life period, like followers of most other religions do. One happens to be in the eternal world after death as per the Christian belief. Christians eat beef whereas Hindus worship cows. This is one of the biggest differences between Hinduism and Christianity. Hindus burn the dead ones and flow the remains of the burnt in the Ganga Jamna, which are their sacred waters. Christians burry their dead ones like Muslims. While comparing Christianity and Hinduism, one finds more differences than similarities. In fact, there is hardly anything similar between Christianity and Hinduism. However, some of the similarities that exist are these: Christians and Hinduism fundamentally believe in one God. No Hindu or Christian is atheist. Both have a belief in the eternal world that follows life in this world. Both Hindus and Christians have their own ideals that are bestowed upon them in order to teach them what is right and what is wrong. Hindus follow Karma and Christians follow Jesus. The extent to which a Hindu and Christian practices his/her religion is decided by the level of compliance with the teachings of Karma and Jesus respectively

The Health and Safety Laws in the USA Assignment

The Health and Safety Laws in the USA - Assignment Example Consultation Paper on Civil Liability for Unsafe Products presented by The Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, Product Liability sub-committee (1998) under 2.10 states, â€Å"Provided the consumer has a direct contractual nexus with the seller, the consumer is entitled to damages if the other party has broken an express or implied term of the contract.† In the present case, though the assurance of Edward, â€Å"rich people from the PRC had a plan to purchase classical oil paintings from Hong Kong in the near future for resale in the PRC† was not included in the agreement, it is implied that the oil painting is of merchantable quality. According to section 11(2) of the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordnance, even the liability for breach of implied condition of merchantable quality cannot be excluded or restricted by a contract term. Edward further said that there would be a very great demand for this particular classical oil painting owned by him and thus an appreciation of at least three times in value within 6 months. Eventually, no rich people from the PRC purchased the classical oil painting. The classical oil painting in fact depreciated in value. Therefore, there is a case for liability for breach of implied condition of merchantable quality. Also, Edward has induced Fred to buy the oil painting through his assurance and forecast which could be construed as negligence in giving assurance or forecasting appreciation in the value of the oil paintings.   In addition to the implied condition of merchantable quality, the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 71) also deals with liability in tort for negligence.

My Position On A Healthcare Or Social Issue Essay

My Position On A Healthcare Or Social Issue - Essay Example ld be afforded quality healthcare is the main concern and how to go about it when most of these individuals are employed secretively without contributions to major healthcare services. From a personal view, I believe illegal immigrants should be granted the same quality healthcare provisions as the American citizen regardless of their financial or career status. There are many risks associated with hospitals and clinical environments when dealing with illegal immigrants, as many diverse demographics of immigrants do not have access to the same variety of healthcare providers as those who contribute weekly to such programs through their place of employment. The risks include non-payment after services have been rendered or simply having this group exploit the system through fraudulent activities. Even though there are failsafes to prevent this, in areas of the country where there are concentrated populations of immigrants, this becomes a significant concern especially for the self-practicing physician networks that rely on timely revenues from patients. Illegal immigrants, especially certain ethnic groups, have large family networks either domestically-born or travelling as a group into the country without governmental support. Poor wages and lack of access to quality healthcare providers, such as Health Alliance Plan or Blue Care Network, bring into question whether or not these large family groups will be pursuing medical treatment on an ongoing basis as part of preventative care services. There is already over-crowding in certain clinical environments which puts tremendous strain on physicians and patients alike, thus these immigrants pose risks to the general community population. However, the reason I feel so strongly about the importance of providing healthcare to this group, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds, is due to my personal beliefs on the ethical value of human beings. The American healthcare system is one of the most advanced in the

Final Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Examination - Essay Example They wanted her to give in by putting pressure on her. They also threatened to tell other employees of what she had done. If this happened, then she knew that she would lose her job. For the second requirement, management showed outrageous conduct by terminating Kayte’s contract for following established laws. For the third requirement, management was the complainant. For the fourth requirement, her suffering was severe because she knew that she was going to lose her job for what she had done. The American Disabilities Act defines disabilities as â€Å"affecting a major life activity,† The areas of coverage are: vision, mental, motor skills, the ability to care for one’s self, and to commute to employment. Kayte has problems with her vision. For Kayte to prove disability discrimination, she must first prove that she has a disability. The definition of a disability is â€Å"a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activates of such an individual and a record of such impairment, or being regarded as having such impairment.† Kayte is physically impaired by her vision and it affects her major life activities. 3. If an inference of discrimination is met, the employer must show that the rejection was not a hidden pretext for discrimination (This allows clients to get evidence behind the scenes, but cannot be done before this point) This is the rule that applies to the McDonnell Douglas vs. Green case: â€Å"such a complaint must state and contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.† The standard of proof in Green’s case is an evidentiary requirement and not one of correct pleading techniques. The Sutton vs. United Airlines case helps define how a visual disability should be treated. Kayte was discriminated against previously because she was able to perform her job excellently, but the company was not willing to accommodate her and allow her the

Human Resource Management - Worklife balance Essay

Human Resource Management - Worklife balance - Essay Example This paper contributes to the work/life balance and work/non-work conflict literature by analyzing the literature of various studies, which examine the attitudes and experiences relating to work/life balance among UK, employees in the first 10 years of their careers. Specifically, the analysis explores the extent to which work/life balance matters, the extent to which it is being achieved and the factors that determine perceptions of work/non-work conflict, including the state of the psychological contract between employer and employee, work involvement and organisational support. The potential impact of work/non-work conflict on organisational commitment is examined, and the policy implications for employers considered. Corporate leaders understand that employees' work and family lives rare inextricably linked. They al ways have been but today, with increased pressures in both domains, the overlap and the challenges created are increasingly obvious and complex to resolve. Solving the paradox seated in an organisation's need to be optimally productive and the individual's need to find quality time to meet domestic responsibilities, to establish, maintain and grow relationships and to relax and re-charge, is the great challenge of the new millennium. Most managers have yet to overcome the conundrum for themselves let alone help employees resolve it in their lives. The prospects for easing the work/ life imbalance dilemma lie, at least in part, in establishing what is creating it. 'Know thy enemy' and so forth. Enemy number one must surely be the 'time distribution imbalance' trap - consistently committing too much time to work where this is having a detrimental impact on personal life. However, the concept of 'work-life balance' means different things to different people, and there are always shades of grey. What is an imbalance to one person is perfectly acceptable to another. In addition, commercial realities cannot be ignored. Somehow, the needs of key customers and/or other stakeholders must be met or they will take their patronage elsewhere. These and the myriad of other related issues are why the problem is so vexed and why many leaders effectively suspend their attempts to solve it. It ends up in the 'too hard' basket. However, given the gravity of the problem and the potential upside that comes with finding a remedy, at some point the issue must come back to the fore. So where to start Most managers agree that a so-called 'quality work environment' reduces the employment stresses that can spill over to staff's personal lives and create distress. The quality work environment bundle might include job characteristics such as work time flexibility, individual responsibility and autonomy, the physical office environment, pay, equity and advancement conditions. Lastly, but certainly not least, the nature of interpersonal relations in the office is very important. For some time, it has been argued that achieving a 'balance' between home life and work life is increasingly a priority for many people. As long ago

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The peripatetic traveler is the quintessential image of a globalised man. Today’s traveler is driven by the commercial forces of globalization and improved communications in the World which has seen travel and tourism grow as an industry. In the ancient and medieval ages however, when traveling was not that simple and safe, a few adventurists quite literally walked across the globe or what ever was known of it then. These were men as Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, who covered vast spaces compared to capacity of transportation in the era in which they lived and have left rich sources of history documented in their travels. There is much debate over the relevance of the jottings made by these travelers to modern day history. Sceptics tend to question the authenticity and objectiveness as well as ability to portray a correct picture of a cross cultural interaction which these travelers tend to pursue from their own perspective. Travel literature has substantial relevance in providing authentic information of cross cultural interaction, the cross cultural trends, a perception of cross cultural association between people and is proving to be a good source of authentic and endearing history today as it provides a perspective in today’s world through an understanding of medieval religion and cultures. Information of cross-cultural interaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ancient and medieval times were denoted by lack of developed communications and modes of interaction for travel. There were also very limited historical recordings and what ever existed was at the behest of the ruling cliques, thereby making it biased. The historian today is left with primary records which are substantiated by such travelogues for a dispassionate view of cross cultural interaction. Thus travelogues do serve as important benchmark documents for historical purpose. This would be evident from recounting of travels through the Middle East during the medieval period in the writings of Benjamin of Tuleda, which tends to support the various historical happenings during the period by sources from both sides of the Islam and Christian divide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Travelers as Benjamin who was a Jew could also benefit from interaction with those of his community who were spread across the region. Since the Jews were relatively unbiased during the period of the Crusades, their observations supplanted the travelers own perception providing further substance to the history of the region. While some may consider it as not the purest form of notation, in denoting cross cultural trends it could be considered more than appropriate and accurate. The excessive focus on the state of the Jews in Benjamin’s writing however to some extent indicates that the view of culture is primarily from an overly Semitic perspective of a Rabbi and authenticity is probably sacrificed but then a deeper reading would overcome this perception. Battuta’s writings span a much large cross cultural area extending from Jerusalem, Damascus, Syria, and East Africa while Marco Polo’s travelogues are also very genuine impressions of cross cultural trends. Each of the chapters he writes covers the various aspects of a particularly community that he has observed be it the cropping pattern, food habits and the monarchical way of governance. Marco very assiduously provides an overview of each facet in great detail. Perceptive Observers Providing Authenticity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intention of the travelers in their journey was multi focal. Thus some such as Benjamin did it for the purpose of seeking opportunities of trade or to find out about the state of personnel of his own community residing in various parts of the Middle East after being persecuted in their native lands. The meticulous recording of ethnographic details in his writing provides very insightful observations on cross cultural trends which highlights the capacity of its originator. Thus we find in Benjamin’s writings the details of how and when the Egyptian monarch travels, what are the proclivities of the people during various periods and the rivalries that existed even in those time between Cairo and Baghdad. It is also relevant to see that a person traveling beyond his immediate geographical and cultural setting would also be keen to obtain fresh insights into the lives of other communities. Thus observations of Marco Polo need to be taken note off with greater acceptance of the fidelity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The meticulous logging of the timings in terms of a virtual daily log provides an excellent record of the period, the state of development, the manner in which communities lived and the state of their culture in vivid details. Ibn Battuta who was overwhelmed by the need to travel and thus sets out from his native place at the tender age of 22 years, is also a very keen observer and thus his recordings attain a high quality of relevance particularly in the cross cultural context. His descriptive writings on Cairo or Alexandria are very perceptive providing an innate understanding of the era. The description of events, the handling of camels, the holding of ceremonies all are very effectively portrayed by the traveler, giving a good understanding of the period. The meticulous recording of customs such as movement of women naked in some societies as in Mali and cannibalism are stark etchings on the history of a cross cultural trend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco Polo again has provided   a wealth of material on cross cultural trends which denotes an excellent eye for detail and power of observation across a large expanse of area from Europe to China, Tibet to India and other areas. The burning of, â€Å"black stones†, is perhaps a recorded intervention by Marco, which indicates the level and depth of his observations. Marco’s observation are supplemented by a comparison between various cultures be it Chinese, Middle Eastern or Central Asian traditions of Bokhara. This provides a deep insight into cultural happenings of the era. Perspective of Modern Day Understanding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today Islam and the West appear to be undergoing a serious crisis, some view it as a clash of civilization matching. There is very limited understanding of each others religions, traditions, culture and ideological basis. This is truly surprising given the proliferation of modern knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the writings of travelers as Benjamin of Tudela who traversed the Middle East in the 12th Century which provides us a deeper understanding of the roots of this civilizational divide thereby enhancing our understanding of happenings in today’s World. Being a Rabbi from Spain, Benjamin was relatively detached to enable a more objective assessment of the conflict which was occurring between Islam and Christianity in the medieval ages. His tour of the principal areas of the Middle East as well as Europe and Asia provided a fresh insight not just into the period but also the cross cultural linkages between these areas over the ages. The peace and prosperity in Egypt described so authentically by Benjamin provide an excellent insight in the functioning of well governed medieval states. The clash between Saladin and the Christians and the moves and counter moves of the period have been very vividly portrayed by Benjamin denoting how Islam was revived between the period of the Second and the Third Crusades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today when we see a similar up rise in Islam which is spearheaded not by the likes of Saladin, but terrorist leaders as Osama Bin Laden, Benjamin’s travels can provide a better counter cultural perspective. A similar understanding of the culture of the Middle East is provided in the writings of Ibn Battuta which can provide us a perspective from an Islamic traveler’s point of view in a different age over three centuries apart and covering some of the same areas. In each of the places that he visits Battuta makes mention of specifics which indicate a keen eye for detail. It is natural that a person with a good view of the details will remain also particular of the accuracy of his writings. Thus enhancing their historical value. The writings provide a cross cultural dimension of the transformation that has take place in these areas over these years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco’s writings on Tibet are another issue which enables us to correlate between the state and relations of Tibet between the modern and the medieval periods. The fascination which the Chinese felt for Tibet even then is evident as Marco observes their repeated forays to gain hold of territory which they see as a great expanse with its many provinces, the customs of the people, their mastiffs and bamboo cropping are thus set to be matching. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it would be seen that the travelogues of Marco Polo, Ibn Batttuta and Benjamin of Tudela are important documents as they provide authentic information of cross cultural interaction, denote cross cultural trends, enhance the perception of cross cultural association between people and prove good sources of authentic and endearing history, thereby providing better modern day understanding and background of medieval religion and cultures as in the Middle East.       References Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa. 2004. The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 1 and 2. E-text prepared by Charles Franks, Robert Connal, John Williams, and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10636/10636-8.txt (VOLUME I). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12410/12410-8.txt (VOLUME II). (20 November 2006) Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Nd. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html (20 November 2006) The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. 1907. Philipp Feldheim, inc The house of the Jewish book. New York. gutenberg.org/files/14981/14981-h/14981-h.htm. (20 November 2006).

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendations Essay As we put this paper together, let’s make sure we cover all the requirements: Conduct a market evaluation by researching what companies in the relevant market are providing to employees from a total compensation perspective. Recommend a compensation structure. Recommend the position in the market. Create a total compensation and benefits strategy. Consider the use of performance incentives and merit pay to recognize and engage employees. Identify laws related to the benefits and pay program. A. Cody – Comparable to other businesses in the Area (what should the client choose as a benefit package)? Austin, TX average salary for a driver with experience is 38k. Other services are hiring in new drivers with clean credentials for $15 an hour plus tips. Austin drivers make about 6% less then the national median. This data was collected from indeed.com B. Patricia – Depending on the location check the Market or Strategy to see if it will work there. Landslide Limousine must take a close look at all competitors before building any benefit and compensation package. Once Landslide Limousine has pin point what the other competitors are offering their employees Landslide then can have a clear view of the market and how they can possibly influence potential employees to come and work for the company. Currently there are 122 limousine services in Austin, Texas according to the yellow pages, and they all offers the best service at an affordable price. Landslide Limousine will have to offer an excellent benefits package if it desires to bring aboard experienced recruits and retain any recruits. Landslide Limousine will have to be patient in the beginning of their business and allow the business to flourish to be able to meet the expense of similar packages that would compare to competitors. Landslide Limousine business will be at the lower end of the market until the business picks up. The company will have to create a creative way to attract and retain skillful employees. Our recommendation is for Landslide to use a strategic plan that will separated themselves from the competitors by using an old fashioned marketing way. To bring the finest and positive employees to work for a small business the company will have to demonstrate that their mission is to inspire and implement great values to the company that will benefit the community. Landslide should consider marketing themselves out in the community by advertising the positions that will be available and at the same time introduce their company and what it has to offer. The marketing plan should include information on what the new recruits can attain, what expertise are required and what opportunity they can develop. What attracts employees to compensation package differ for each employee. A higher wage may appeal a younger generation that is single, however an older generation with a family may contemplate on having a job that offers flexible hours. We recommend for Landslide Limousines to include monetary and non-monetary components. The business must be competitive with the salary and benefits, such as health insurance, retirement plans and bonuses. The company may want to incorporate compensation for client satisfaction by rewarding employees with bonuses. Every business recognize that keeping client satisfied is a major part of developing a successful business. When deciding what wage to start an employee the company may want  to separate employees by experience and skill required for the position. All open position will be given compensation similar to the marketplace average rate. The salary rate according to Simply Hire starts with the minimum wage of $15.60, but not exciding$ 20.65 according to Pay Scale Human Capital. Landslide Limousine may want to consider if their budget permits it to start their wage in between the minimum and max making the start wage at $18.00 this amount will defiantly help the new company stand out from the rest of the competition. Limousine chauffeurs average $30,000 a year in Austin, Texas while limousine chauffeur averaged $18.22 an hour making $35,000 annually in Houston, Texas. By creating and attractive compensation packages will ensure a successful recruitment rate, retention rate and employee satisfaction. The process of creating a benefits package for 25 employees will feel as a sensible expense, but the bottom line will be that at the end of the day the company will not make a profit. The company must acknowledged that the benefits package will not be a reasonable expense. C. Jose – Based on the number of employees what is the best plan? And will the company add to the plan? D. Seneca – Based on the annual net revenue of the company we chose does the plan work for the employees and Company? Based on Landslides plan to have 25 employee’s and a net revenue of -50,000, the focus should be on having an incentives plan in place. Knowing that Landslide Limousines plans to operate with a negative budget, and will not be able to offer any benefit compensation packages to it workers, having a strong incentives program in place is very pivitol to retain it’s employee’s. Holding quality employees involves a tactical plan for benefits that rewards personnel for business devotion. This inspires new staff to make a pledge to build a profession with your business and prevents traditional employees from leaping to other corporations. These incentive systems should be easy for workers to understand and achievable enough at its lower levels to reassure employees to work tougher to reach their goals. A compensation system with performance levels that are too high for employees to reach early on in the process wont encourage harder work because employees will simply ignore it. Making this syestem Merit based will be the simplest way to operate and reward  individuals for there work. In order for this system to be effective, the merit pay program must certify that rewards provided to the best personnel will be noticeably better than growths given to normal or below-average worker. The theory of performance-based compensation for employees is that they should be compensated generously for out performing their co-workers, but if a worker performance is ordinary, that worker compensation should show that E. Michael – Finally each company is expecting the Revenue growth to stay the same for either the 1st or 2nd year does the plan we chose for them accommodate these percentages. Conclusion Whatever we will conclude with our paper. References http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes533041.htm http://www.simplyhired.com/salaries-k-limo-driver-jobs.html http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Chauffeur/Hourly_Rate http://www.simplyhired.com/salaries-k-limousine-driver-l-austin-tx-jobs.html http://www.yellowpages.com/austin-tx/limo-service?s=relevance http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-teambased-incentive-pay-plans-21693.html http://www.sibson.com/services/performance-and-rewards/pay-for-performance/incentive-plan-design/

Impact of Aphasia on Health and Well-being

Impact of Aphasia on Health and Well-being Abstract This discussion paper considers the impact of aphasia on health and well-being, and following an in-depth exploration of relevant literature, provides suggestions for appropriate nursing interventions in respect of this relatively common condition following stroke. The introduction states that effective communication is essential to holistic care and positive outcomes for individuals affected by aphasia. However, when verbal communication is absent, nurses fail to adequately utilise alternative strategies so that the standard of nurse/patient communication is frequently poor. The discussion introduces the Theory of Human Scale Development. This theory emphasises that quality of life depends as much upon self-actualisation and relation-building as on physical health. The theory is used as a framework within the discussion in order to highlight the significance of communication to quality of life, and how its loss has profound psychological and social consequences. By utilising the theory, the discussion demonstrates that nursing care delivery must address loss of self-actualisation and relationship-building abilities, as well as physiological communication skills. The discussion reflects upon how aphasia results in loss of self, and how the situation is exacerbated by inadequate healthcare communication strategies such as nurse-controlled conversation, talking-over, and elderspeak. Suggestions are offered regarding more appropriate strategies. Efficacy of family input is considered; nursing competence regarding language practice therapies is discussed, and the quest approach is explored. Next, the discussion reflects upon the impact of aphasia on relationships. Aphasia denies access to support networks and results in isolation, stress, and loneliness. The individuals predicament is worsened by negative nursing responses such as communication filtering and avoidance tactics. The discussion reflects upon positive nursing strategies, which alleviate effects of aphasia on individuals social health. Concept analysis and self-awareness exercises as methods of enhancing compassion skills are explored. The social model of disability is discussed in order to highlight the benefits to individuals of environmental adaptations. Also, the social benefits of aphasia-group affiliation are discussed. The discussion concludes by emphasising that fundamental human needs involve social and psychological as well as physical aspects. Nursing interventions must therefore address all needs in order to provide holistic care in its fullest sense. Key Words Aphasia: nursing: relationships: self: Theory of Human Scale Development Summary Statements What is already known about this topic Good communication between nurses and patients is essential to the provision of quality healthcare that protects patients rights, autonomy and choice. Aphasia compromises nurse/patient communication leading to discrimination in health services, suboptimal care, poor long-term outcomes, and restricted rights. Communication difficulties faced by individuals with aphasia risks loss of self, and diminishes the beneficial impact of social integration on health. What this paper adds The multifarious impact of aphasia on the lives of individuals with the condition must be recognised and acknowledged by nurses. During their day-to-day nursing activities, nurses can facilitate the immediate communication needs of individuals with aphasia. Nurses can initiate aphasic individuals abilities to function independently and autonomously in the wider world via supporting the maintenance of personal identity and social integration. Introduction It has long been acknowledged and purported that good communication is essential to the provision of quality healthcare as it is integral to effective clinical assessment, health promotion, and patient choice and autonomy. Models of communication and research studies (Peplau, 1952; Fosbinder, 1994; Charlton et al, 2008) suggest that care delivery and health outcomes are improved when nurses use communication as a reciprocal interaction to express concern and commitment, and in return invite trust and human connection. These texts demonstrate that proficient interpersonal skills transform patients from objective clinical tasks to individuals meriting empathic, holistic care. However, because most communication strategies depend upon speech, the expediency of interpersonal relationships becomes severely compromised for individuals who experience aphasia as a consequence of stroke. Indeed, although the World Health Organisations (2001) definition of communication impairment encompasses verbal, non-verbal and graphic abilities, Finke et als (2008) systematic review finds that nurses continue to focus on stroke patients inadequate ability to verbally meet communication needs. Non-verbal messages are assigned a secondary, supporting role, and are therefore not adequately exploited as legitimate alternative strategies. The subsequent poor standard of professional/patient communication, described as appalling in the United Kingdoms National Sentinel Stroke Audit (Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party, 2009, p.12) has serious ramifications. O Halloran et als (2008) literature review suggests that health professionals inability or unwillingness to effectively enga ge with individuals affected by aphasia leads to discrimination in stroke services, suboptimal care, poor long-term outcomes, and restricted rights. Theory of Human Scale Development To avoid the suboptimal care of patients with aphasia, nurses must realise the necessity of effective communication to health and well-being. If nurses are to be motivated to explore, improve and exploit communication strategies as therapeutic tools, they must, in the first instance, understand the devastating impact of aphasia on quality of life. An analysis of aphasia in relation to the Theory of Human-Scale Development (Max-Neef et al, 1991) helps to illustrate its effect on the individual. According to the Theory of Human-Scale Development, quality of life depends upon the satisfaction of nine classes of interrelated ontological fundamental human needs (figure 1). Of these, only subsistence relates to physical health, the others being concerned with psychological and social issues associated with the sense of self and relationships. Because quality of life correlates with the number of satisfied needs, if a synergic satisfier (one satisfier that satisfies multiple needs) such as the ability to fluently verbally communicate, is removed, the impact on life quality is devastating (figure 2). Charmaz (1983; 1995; 1999) symbolic interactionist perspective reaches similar conclusions. These grounded theory studies of chronic illness demonstrate that the self is developed and maintained via self-actualisation and social relationships. Where illness reduces individuals participation in society, and prompts negative reactions from others, feelings of discreditation and loneline ss follow. Individuals beliefs that they are encumbrances on society rather than valuable contributors, lead to suffering and the loss of self. It is essential, therefore, that rehabilitative therapies should result in a synergic effect so that self, relationships, and thus quality of life are improved and maintained to the highest possible level (figure 2). However, many individuals with aphasia bemoan the fact that health professionals consistently focus on physical, biomedical definitions which view the condition as synonymous with physiological stroke events, rather than separate aphasia disability experiences (Liechty and Heinzekehr, 2007; Shadden et al, 2008; Wertheimer, 2008). This leads to the dismissal of psychological and social aspects of communication impairment and a thwarting of attempts to address them. Thus, the biomedical perspective, which defines aphasia as an inability to use or comprehend language as a consequence of injury to the cerebral cortex, results in the comment, I have aphasia, generating the response, You mean you had a stroke (Liechty and Heinzekehr, 2007, p.316). But, as Liechtys autobiographical account illustrates, aphasia is not an objective condition but a subjective reality, and focusing on the physiological brain damage both de-emphasises the pain that aphasia causes and denies the continual struggl es faced (p.316). Liechtys experience suggests that a psychosocial definition is more appropriate to describe the full extent of the consequences of aphasia to the individual. Sundin et als (2000) wider definition describes the condition as a defect in the use of language which causes extensive damage to psychological and social well-being resulting in isolation and depression. This study suggests that understanding the meaning of the illness for the individual rather than concentrating on the underlying physical causes, is the true initiator of holistic healing. O Halloran et al (2008) agree. This systematic review proposes that a biomedical perspective impoverishes care delivery because attributing communication breakdown to the disease process reduces nurses responsibility and motivation to develop ongoing communication strategies. The review suggests that a psychosocial perspective where nurses view communication impairment as an illness experience as well as a medical phenomenon, promotes the ide a that difficulties result from impaired interaction between nurse and patient. This increases nurses feelings of responsibility to overcome communication barriers and seek out the individual behind the disease. It is apparent, then, that reference to the Theory of Human-Scale Development helps to illustrate how a professional attitude which attempts to satisfy all fundamental human needs, not just the physical need of subsistence, subsequently leads to richer, more meaningful outcomes. Although fundamental human needs are to an extent, interrelated (figure 1), they are broadly split into three categories. The discussion paper will explore the impact of aphasia by focusing on self-actualisation and relationship needs. Self-Actualisation Needs Impact of Aphasia on the Self Rogers (1967) personality theory states that self-concept and self-perception are fundamental components of personal identity. He proposes that because life-meaning and behaviour are essentially purposeful, individuals require freedom to make choices, and create and develop their own personalities, in order to construct a valid presence in the world. Of course, language is the core of this process of self-construction. Without language, the ability to narrate lived experiences is lost. The individual cannot inform the world who and what he/she is, or understand who and what others are, hence is unable to find an appropriate place in the scheme of things. Shaddens (2005) literature review describes this predicament as identity theft, a state of affairs in which individuals with aphasia are ignored and invisible. However, Kagans (1995) masking of competence model refutes this, proposing that the individual is transformed rather than rendered invisible by aphasia. The model states that because communication impairment makes it difficult to perceive the individuals functional mind, it becomes difficult to envisage capacity. With capacity hidden, the individual is transformed from a person to a mere physical presence and is often viewed as a burden with little social value. According to Charmaz (1983), witnessing ones former self-image crumbling away is itself a fundamental form of suffering (p.168). Time and again, autobiographical narratives refer to the pain experienced when the self is reduced by an assumption that language loss is synonymous with the loss of intellectual and cognitive abilities (Neal, 1988; Bauby, 2008; Liechty and H einzekehr, 2007). Bauby (2008) summarises the feeling thus, [They] left no doubt that henceforth I belonged on a vegetable stall and not to the human race (p.90). Buber (1958) refers to this objectivising of people as an I-It relationship (as oppose to an I-Thou relationship defined by its reciprocal and mutually respectful nature). Aphasia renders the establishment of a nurse/patient I-Thou therapeutic relationship particularly challenging, because sharing and understanding become difficult to achieve. Unfortunately, this often results in I-It communication within the healthcare arena, which in nursing, is intrinsic to detached task-orientated care. According to Gordon et al (2008), this denies individuals with aphasia the freedom to control and direct their own lives. Gordon et als (2008) observational study concludes that staff control conversations and focus dialogue on their own nursing-task goals. The studys use of conversation analysis demonstrates that patients rarely initiate conversations and therefore have little influence over topics. In addition, due to heavy reliance on the sequential context of dialogue in order to maximise unde rstanding, individuals with aphasia find it difficult to alter the course of conversation to suit their requirements. Such asymmetrical, task-orientated communication is neither therapeutic or responsive to holistic needs. This results in a reduction of the self and a denial of individuals rights to participate in their own care or in the creation of their own future. According to Wertheimer (2008), curbing the freedom to express the self commonly leads to feelings of entrapment. Wertheimers (2008) detailed analysis of post-subarachnoid haemorrhage experiences suggests that language difficulties and loss of control during hospitalisation contribute to depression, and dreams and hallucinations, which frequently involve images of imprisonment and dictatorial authoritarianism. The negative impact of nurse-controlled conversation is exacerbated further by persistent occurrences of talking over patients. Flegels (2008) short article acts as a reminder that talking over is unethical because it contradicts health professionals codes of conduct that stipulate patient autonomy is paramount during care delivery. Quoting Kants (1785) argument that autonomy depends upon the hypothesis that all individuals have unconditional worth, Flegel (2008) believes that talking over signifies to patients that their presence is of no consequence and therefore they are not autonomous. Elderspeak also diminishes autonomy. This speech style is generally used as a means to communicate with elderly patients, but research confirms that it is commonly used by nurses when encountering individuals with physical, cognitive and communication disabilities (Kemper et al, 1998; Williams et al 2004; Melton and Shadden, 2005). Williams et al (2004) describe elderspeak as a demeaning mode of communication similar to baby talk that features exaggerated, simplified, repetitive language. Because elderspeak stereotypes elderly and disabled patients as incompetent and incapable, individual potential and progress may be ignored, thus reducing control and the sense of self even further. Reactions to Loss of Self Unsurprisingly, individuals with aphasia struggle to instigate the fight to rescue the self, and often surrender to discreditation. Charmaz (1983) explanation that self-concept depends upon reflected images of the self by others is confirmed by Simmons-Mackie and Damico (2008). This study of communication therapy sessions suggests that external negative responses to individuals with aphasia leads to internal negative perceptions of the self and a silencing of the voice. Poor nurse communication techniques based on task-orientated conversation, elderspeak and talking over compound this internalisation process. According to Ryan et als (1986) seminal literature review and subsequent theory of dependency over-accommodation, implications of incompetence and diminished capacity which arise from such condescending speech styles lower individuals confidence and self-esteem. This increases dependency and passive acceptance of care, and consequently promotes feelings of worthlessness and powe rlessness. Parr et al (2003) agree. This literature review reports that individuals faced with inadequate communication attempts of service providers, feel so diminished that they often apologise for their own existence. By reflecting on the impact of aphasia on self-actualisation needs, it seems that the nursing role in care delivery should involve supporting the individual to both recover the pre-aphasic self and connect this self to the new disabled identity. In order to achieve this, the nurse must firstly get to know the patient as a person, then secondly, empower that person to regain the creativity, confidence and freedom required to control his/her own life. Nursing Implications Use of Family Liaschenko and Fisher (1999) identify person knowledge as integral to the establishment of effective therapeutic communication and holistic care. The acquisition of this knowledge involves knowing the patients private biography with a view to revealing the unique individual. Where aphasia inhibits direct verbal interaction between nurse and patient, family and friends can relay information and re-construct much history, therefore contributing to the satisfaction of a range of fundamental human needs. According to Williams and Davis (2004), this indirect narrative is invaluable as it allows the nurse to participate in individualised communication when speaking directly to the patient. This deters any tendency for task-focused interaction or elderspeak, which in turn, reinforces the individuals sense of self. There are barriers to implementing such interaction however. Paradoxically, despite, for example, British Government calls for improved professional/patient/carer communication (Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party, 2009), some studies report that nurses efforts to personalise care by informal chat with patients and families are thwarted by sociopolitical systems that prioritise task completion over person knowledge. (McCabe, 2004; Speed and Luker, 2004). Also, Fairburns (1994) study of attitudes to visiting hours reports that nurses often feel patients and relatives resent staff presence as an intrusion upon their private time together. Perhaps the use of patient diaries can help overcome these barriers. Combes (2005) introduction of diaries in the intensive care setting demonstrates that by encouraging families to produce ongoing written narratives, which are left at the patients bedside, readily accessible relevant information concerning what is significant and individual to the patient is made available. This data can be utilised and built upon in later nurse/patient interactions. Research into the use of diaries in aphasia care should therefore be undertaken. Families are also useful when nurses are trying to ascertain the individual with aphasias immediate concerns and opinions. Goodwins (1995) well-cited case study illustrates that needs are more easily interpreted when relatives, familiar with the individuals gestures, facial expressions and idiosyncrasies, and who share common social contexts with him/her, are on hand to translate. Indeed, Finke et als (2008) systematic review finds that, where nurses are prepared to ask families for suggestions, or written directives, regarding the meanings of the individuals non-verbal strategies, communication is much more efficacious. In terms of advocacy, Hedberg et als (2008) study of multi-disciplinary care-planning meetings demonstrates that an in-depth knowledge of the individual with aphasias life and views, equips family members to act as advocates in the negotiation of care needs and future plans. The research therefore concludes that nurses require training in how best to involve relatives in the decision-making process in order to ensure individual needs remain salient. While the recommendation to involve families in the communication process is essentially sound, much of the proposing nursing literature quoted above nevertheless fails to fully explore the potential risks to patient autonomy of relying heavily on alliances with relatives. Translation literature (Englund-Dimitrova, 1997; Bradby, 2001; Leininger and McFarland, 2002) confirms that any form of interpretation via a third person amplifies the chances of misinterpretation. However, the risk is further heightened by relatives conscious or subconscious propensity to distort, omit or add to the patients messages and opinions in order to address their own concerns. Shadden et als (2008) review of autobiographical narratives reports that, while the well-being of patients is the central concern of most families, disability caused by stroke has a significant negative impact on the lives of all close family members. This may result in the interpretation of aphasic communication being influenced by the intermediarys own slanted perspectives. Thus, relatives feelings of guilt, fear, stress, and fatigue may filter out some of the true messages that the individual with aphasia is trying to express. Ryan et al (1986) offers a more cynical consequence to family advocacy by suggesting that it may undermine the individuals power to control situations, and can even disguise the sense of self by recreating and redefining elements of the individuals history, personality and wishes during the advocacy process. Hence, although it is helpful to use family knowledge to obtain patient information, nurses must recognise that individuals needs may not be adequately supplied by biased intermediaries. Nurses must therefore be able to use their own disinterested objective strategies to reach an understanding of the individual with aphasias meaning. Nursing Implications Competence Theory and research which explores the meaning of caring (Halldorsdottir and Hamrin, 1997; Brilowski and Wendler, 2005; Chang et al, 2005) states that a fundamental strategy when nursing any illness is the alleviation of the patients fear that nothing can be done to treat the condition. This literature reveals that while patients appreciate expressive caring behaviours, competence when performing instrumental therapies, is considered imperative to a secure caring base. As Halldorsdottir and Hamrin (1997) assert, caring without competence is meaningless (p.123). It is apparent that in aphasia, where preservation of the self is at stake, the nurse needs to convey competence and confidence in attitude and execution of language practice therapies, so that the individual with aphasia feels secure in the knowledge that recovery of identity is possible and in hand. Nystroms (2009) phenomenological study of interviews and biographies finds that such provision of security via nursing competence encourages patient hope, motivation, and fighting spirit (p.2509). Finke et al (2008) believes that nursing competence in language practice therapy requires training in basic speech therapy, familiarity with augmentative and alternative communication, and regular consultations with speech and language therapists. However, currently, none of these schemes are widely implemented. Hemsley et al (2001) suggests this is due to individual and organisational attitude barriers, which view specialised communication techniques as both too time-consuming and beyond the remit of nurses. Finke et al (2008), proposes that time and resources spent on enhancing nurses communication competence may prove more efficient than relying on minimal task-orientated interactions. This is because ineffective interactions are at high risk of misinterpretation, ineffective at meeting individual needs, result in frustration, fear and despondency, and may contribute to depression. Also, Nystrom (2009) finds that extended time periods required for personal care support, provide ideal opportunities for skilled practitioners to simultaneously offer language practice (thus reducing rehabilitation time and resources), while allaying patient fears. A participant in the research is quoted thus, One nurse talked to me while helping me to eat and get dressed†¦that made me feel calm and secure (pp.2507-8). Nursing Implications Quest Approach Aphasia traps individuals in the present. Struggling to express details of past achievements, individuals situations are worsened by an inability to shape the future. In effect, individuals have lost both identity, and the freedom and creativity to restore it. They have lost their place in the world. Nystrom (2009) believes that the optimal method of regaining place is to defer to individuals pre-stroke identities. An awareness of individuals previous competencies, allows the nurse to personalise language practice, communication strategies and conversation by basing subject matters on familiar contexts of family, work, interests, and achievements. This enables individuals with aphasia to grasp meanings more easily, but it also helps to maintain a sense of the old valued, accomplished self, thus providing a structure on which to base rehabilitation goals. This method, defined by Moss et al (2004) as a restitution approach, is fundamentally flawed because it overlooks the fact that for many individuals, aphasia remains a permanent disability. Preoccupation with the old self could therefore lead to a painful mourning for what is lost. It could even exacerbate feelings of worthlessness by highlighting comparisons between past abilities and present inabilities. Moss et als (2004) exploration of online illness narratives purports that a quest approach is more psychologically healthy. Here, individuals are encouraged to accept their changed circumstances, and envisage and create a different future. For the nurse, this involves using the individuals history, not as a source of goals, but a source of interests on which new modified goals can be built. This requires strong multi-disciplinary co-ordination skills to bring patient, nurse, speech therapist and occupational therapist together in order to fully explore interests, resources, potential and progress. Furthermore, according to Vickery et als (2009) quantitative analysis of self-esteem scales, the nurse must kindly but firmly guide individuals to a realisation of their limitations so that the risk of disappointment is reduced. However, simultaneously, the nurse should demonstrate motivating and commendatory attitudes that elicit a sense of pride from individuals in their gains and success es, which ultimately increases confidence, self-worth and a sense of freedom. Relationship Needs Impact of Aphasia on Relationships Berkman et als (2000) review of social integration theory demonstrates that relationships and affiliations are formidable influences on physical and psychological health. The study explains that relationships provide informational, instrumental (practical), appraisal (decision-making) and emotional support, as well as opportunities for social engagement. All these aspects are essential to the endorsement of meaningful roles, the reinforcement of participation and belonging, and the promotion of affection and pleasure. Charmaz (1983; 1999) reiterates that these factors add to the sense of self as a valuable entity. Any process or condition which leads to alienation, separation or disconnectedness from society, adversely impacts on mental well-being and mortality (figure 2). Generative studies by Durkheim (1952) and Bowlby (1991) suggest that relationships serve to buffer detrimental influences of stressful events. These texts illustrate that when consistent, reliable relationships are absent or damaged, psychological stability is weakened and the risk of depression increases. Berkmans (1988) hypothesis takes this concept further by suggesting that social isolation is itself a chronic stressor resulting in persistent heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses which consequently accelerate physiologic aging and functional decline. Because conversation is pivotal to interaction and relationship building, aphasia inhibits individuals from exploiting the health benefits of social integration. Pound et al (2006) believe that conversation is primarily transactional, enabling individuals to participate within a supportive society consisting of mutually supportive relationships. Aphasia therefore, results in an inability to access support strategies resulting in isolation and stress. For example, appraisal support is compromised because individuals with aphasia are unable to talk problems over with friends. Likewise, informational and instrumental support may be inaccessible if individuals cannot express their opinions and needs, nor comprehend disseminated messages. While Laver (1975) acknowledges the transactional element of conversation, he also emphasises its interactional nature, which allows the development of social connections. He explains that it is a bonding ritual, which explores and categorises social position, conveys intimacy, conspiracy, affection and belonging, and as such, its loss can lead to a devastating sense of loneliness. For individuals with aphasia, whose health is already severely impaired by stroke, it is imperative that nurses are able to support the relationship-building process, and hence, diminish risks of further health problems associated with social isolation. Ramos (1992) research concludes that this is best achieved by establishing reciprocal or connected nurse-patient relationships which involve the development of emotional and cognitive bonds that persuade the individual to feel the nurse is taking on part of the burden (p.503). Reciprocation also encourages nurses to perceive coping with illness as a shared responsibility. Pound et al (2006) agree, stating that if professionals acknowledge patients are not solo performers, but part of a company of players (p.18), then this idea of joint responsibility is accentuated. However, poor therapeutic relationship development in aphasia remains a common problem. Perhaps this can be explained by Hindles (2003) suggestion that any phenomenon, which undermines nurses competence as communicators, leads to the implementation of communication filter barriers, such as rationalisation and projection. Sundin et al (2000) believe aphasia is a relationship leveller because both nurse and individual with aphasia have difficulty being understood by, and understanding, each other. This situation is uncomfortable for nurses working in a healthcare social construction that is founded upon competency achievement and proficient practice. Balandin et als research (2007) validates this idea. This small qualitative study finds that the undermining of competence and power results in rationalisation and projection in the form of defensive attitudes such as its not my job or the patient doesnt need to communicate (p.58). These avoidance tactics have been so widespread that Stock well (1972) included individuals with aphasia in her list of unpopular patients. Reactions to Diminished Relationships Charmaz (1983) research, confirmed by Davidson et als (2008) case study, reveals how unwillingness or inability of family, friends and professionals to establish effective relationships with individuals affected by aphasia leads to feelings of rejection. This in turn erodes patients perseverance to pursue support and comfort, often resulting in retreat and the seeking of solitude. Lyon (1998) refers to this behaviour as constructive because it provides a protective cocoon (p.12) in which individuals can rest and quietly contemplate their situation. Likewise, Shadden et al (2008) believe solitude-seeking is beneficial as it allows individuals to recapture the self which appears to bolster self-esteem. The authors quote from a patient interv

Free Essays - The Joys of Volunteering :: Contribution to My Community Service

The first agency I volunteered to work for is a program called Summer Quest. Summer Quest is designed to help students that are in the sixth through twelfth grade experience a "positive summer experience." What this actually means is that it provides students an opportunity to do fun and exciting things, in a positive atmosphere. Instead of the students sitting at home alone the entire summer, they have a place where they can hang out and enjoy themselves. This is a great program that offers students an alternative to getting into trouble and being alone during the Summer. Summer Quest is also setup in a way that all the activities are relatively inexpensive. This is where I come in. I was in charge of putting together a schedule of activities for each week. The schedule included an activity for Monday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Thursday from 4:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m., and Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. This was a very difficult assignment. I had to plan fun events, but also make them very inexpensive. This was an interesting task that allowed me for the first time to use many of the skills I had learned in my Organizational Communication classes. I had to negotiate prices for admission, and figure out transportation and food cost. It also taught me a lot about planning and time organization. I had to plan months in advance, and fill in every second of the day with activities to keep the students busy. Now I know that in the future when I am in the real world, I can plan big events and pull them off successfully because of this experience. The second agency that I worked for was Parkway Preschool. This agency has two types of programs. They call the first program "Moms Day Out." This program allows parents who cannot afford, or do not have the resources of proper child care, a chance to drop their kids off three times a week from 8:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. The second program is a regular preschool program running from Monday to Friday. I had the opportunity to work with both programs during my volunteer work. During my day at the program I would sit in with different classes

German Nazism vs. Italian Fascism Essay -- Papers Nazi Fascism Compare

German Nazism vs. Italian Fascism Fascism and Nazism were two different political groups taken place in two different locations. Nazism was evolved in Germany which were the people that mainly were against Judaism. As for fascism, it took place in Italy and focused mainly on a system of government that was under a dictator, or a ruler who had absolute power. Both these groups had similariteis as well as differences in which will soon be understood. Benito Mussolini which was born in 1883 and died in 1945. He came to power with his new ideas in 1919, called Fascio di Combat, which is also known as Fascism. To understand Fascism better, it is basically a spiritual attitude. It sees not only the individual but also the nation and the country. Individuals and generations are bound together by a moral law. Adolf Hitler and his national socialist state influenced Mussolini. In time, Mussolini became the victim of his own propaganda efforts. He dreamed of wars of conquest, but these wars that were far beyond the industrial capacity of the state to maintain. Mussolini came to involved the state in wars of colonial conquest, which was probably the last of the great imperialistic wars of Europe. In 1938 a change was made in the Italian government which separated the people from the decision-making process entirely. The list of parliamentary candidates was no longer offered to the masses for their approval. Mussolini merely emulated Hitler by creating the totalitarian state while removing basic democracy. After Mussolini's fall from power and his heroic rescue by German paratroopers, it was created under the watchful protection of nazi troops. There was, however, time remained to develop a theory. Mussolini was wholly ... ...hen Germany becomes a dictatorship ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party. It was also the begging of total chaos, such as several revolutions and world War II. There were many revolts like the Kristallnacht, which was a destructive rampage against the Jews. The Jews were drastically restricted and leaving Germany was each time becoming more difficult. In time the Nazis Parteis and Adolph Hitler killed many Jews, more than 30 thousand. Even though World War II was later finished by an agreement, it took many lives away. As for the fascist parties, they were not as gruesome as Nazism, even if one influenced the other. Although both were beliefs, which involved later in to something much greater and catastrophic, they were only people fighting for what they believed were right. But the problem was it effected on innocent's people's lives, and that is not tolerable.

How I Learned To Ski :: essays research papers

How I Learned To Ski I Love to snow ski, to me it is the epitome of excitement. I first tried to ski when I was only about four years old. My father, who is a tremendous skier, thought he should teach his first son just how to ski. Through practice and time I have made my father a happy teacher. I owe all my skiing knowledge to my father who has spent hour upon hour teaching me the so called "tricks of the trade". However, I have broken more than one bone learning what proves to be a very intense and serious sport and you should not take the excitment for granted. I got started when my dad entered a powder eight contest, that's when you and a partner go down the hill and make the number eight in the snow with your skies, the team with the best looking eight's win. As usually my father won, and that day was when he first taught me how to ski. He showed me how to snow- plow down a hill, that is your first move you learn upon skiing, then he so ever willingly took me to the bunny hill and watched intently as if he remembers when he was that age and how strange and awkward he felt with those clumsy skis and big boots. That day was so hot but yet the snow remained and kept falling from the ski. Then my father showed me the basic techniques he acquired while learning how to ski, you see there is no standard way to ski everyone has to find their own style of skiing or snowboarding . As you can find out this sport is not something you do good at right away, it takes time and practice to become good. When I got older we would go to bigger mountains in Colorado where he lives, we would spend all day skiing down difficult runs called double diamonds, that is the hardest run on the slopes. At first it was hard for me to keep up with my fathers tremendous speed and coordination he could really move down a mountain, for an amateur skier he was a real pro to me, I would try and copy his style for it was one that I learned very well. When I was able to find the style that best suited me I was amazed at how fast I had learned to ski, know when my father and I went down the mountain he was the one who had to keep up with me

Define the following types of abuse: Physical abuse Essay

Hitting, slapping, pushing or kicking, forcing people to eat or take medication, leaving people to sit in urine or faeces. 1.1b – Define the following types of abuse: Sexual abuse Unwanted advances, indecent exposure or harassment, rough washing or touching of the genital area, rape, being forced to watch or participate in sexual acts. 1.1c – Define the following types of abuse: Emotional/psychological abuse Intimidation, not being included, being ignored, threats, bullying, humiliating and blaming. These include discrimination that relates to age, race, gender, sexuality, culture, religion etc. 1.1d – Define the following types of abuse: Financial abuse Using an individual’s money without their permission or on items they have not requested, not giving correct change, taking store card points, taking the free item of â€Å"buy one get one free†. Not giving individuals enough money for food and essential items. 1.1e – Define the following types of abuse: Institutional abuse Poor care to people in group environments, for example, in a residential care home or in a day centre. Food choices not provided for individuals with different dietary needs or requirements. The individual’s room and clothing not being kept clean. 1.1f – Define the following types of abuse: Self neglect Individual not eating, washing, dressing properly. Not looking after themselves. 1.1g – Define the following types of abuse: Neglect by others Inadequate care or denial of an individual’s basic rights. 1.2 – . Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each type of abuse. These are the main types of abuse with some examples of signs and symptoms: Physical – Unexplained bruises, scratches, cuts, fractures, broken bones, broken teeth. Sexual –Bruises around genital area. Individual becomes particular about washing genital area or wanting to hide themselves. Emotional / psychological – Abnormal behaviour or moods. Talking a lot and very fast or being unusually quiet. Appearing afraid or worried. Being concerned that care and support may not continue Financial – Shortage of money, reluctance to pay for things, complaining about price increases, unusual interest or lack of interest in their personal finances. Institutional – Individuals not eating properly, not dressing properly, not participating, staying in their rooms, not getting required attention and support, complaints from residents or family members. Dirty rooms and communal areas. Health and safety being ignored. Self-neglect –Individual gaining or losing weight, looking dirty or dishevelled. Not washing and smelling. Not caring about themselves. Medical issues not being taken care of. Lack of confidence and self-esteem. Lack of social network, family and friends. Staying at home when they could get out and about. Neglect by others – Any of the above symptoms could be neglect or lead to neglect by others if left and not resolved. If you do not take action to report or resolve a situation where you believe abuse is taking or has taken place, you could be accused of neglect yourself. 1.3 – Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. Some individuals are more vulnerable to harm or abuse than others. These are some of the reasons why: Individuals with a sensory impairment, for example, poor or no hearing or sight that might lead to communication difficulties. Individuals may lack the capacity to understand what is happening or that it is wrong. Lack of capacity could be for a number of different reasons and could be long term or short term. Individuals may be severely disabled. Individuals may be physically or emotionally weak and rely on others for care. Individuals may have suffered brain injury and may not be able to communicate. Individuals may be unconscious.   Individuals who do not have good support networks around them. Individuals being cared for at home who are reliant on another person for care and support. 204 Cert.2 – Know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse. 2.1 – . Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused. The actions to take constitute the employee’s responsibilities in responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse. Always follow policies and procedures and report to the appropriate person(s), record the facts on appropriate paperwork, listen do not judge, stay calm and collected, and do not tamper with evidence. 2.2 – . Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused. The key things you MUST do if an individual discloses abuse to you: Assume the individual is telling the truth. Speak to them in a calm and sensitive way. Listen carefully and make sure you record what was said including date, time and place. Reassure the individual and tell them that you have to pass this information on. Always follow your policies and procedures. If the individual needs medical attention, call the emergency services or call a doctor as appropriate and inform your supervisor / manager immediately or another available senior person. If this is a criminal matter, for example, an alleged assault, rape or indecent exposure, you will need to call the police and if in any doubt consult your policies and procedures or contact your supervisor / manager immediately or another available senior person. 2.3 – Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. In most circumstances you may not need to do anything except record the events that have given cause for concern. The best way to preserve evidence is to report the matter as quickly as possible. When needed you should: Make a written record of messages (e.g. answer-phone) to ensure they are not lost. Include the date and time and sign them Ensure written records (notes, letters, bank statements, medication records etc.) are kept in a safe place Don’t tidy up,  wash clothes, bedding or other items. Do not try to clear or tidy anything up Try not to touch anything unless you have to for the immediate wellbeing of the victim – if you have to try to make a record of what you have done If any sexual offence is suspected try to discourage the victim from washing, drinking, cleaning their teeth or going to the toilet until the police are present Preserve anything used to warm or comfort the victim e.g. a blanket Try to ensure that no one else enters the premises or alleged scene of crime until the police arrive If you can, try and ensure that the alleged perpetrator does not have any contact with the victim Record any physical signs or injuries using a body map (click here) or hand drawing. Write a description of any physical signs or injuries including size, shape, colour etc. Always remember to sign and date your notes and any other records you have made 204 Cert.3 – Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse. 3.1 – Identify national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) regulates care homes and inspects every care home it registers. The CQC also registers home†care or domiciliary care services. Any registered care provider must, by law, have a complaints procedure. Services have rules about the staff they employ and the standards of care they provide. Everybody working with vulnerable adults and children has to complete a criminal record check by the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS). The DBS helps employers to make safer recruitment decisions and prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable groups, including children. It replaces the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA). The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS), implemented April 2009, provide a legal protection for those vulnerable people who are, or may become, deprived of their liberty. Safeguards exist to provide a proper legal process and suitable protection in those circumstances where deprivation of liberty appears to be unavoidable, in a person’s own best interests. These safeguards can apply to people who have a mental disorder and lack capacity to consent to the arrangements made for their care or treatment, but for whom receiving care or treatment in circumstances that amount to a deprivation of liberty may be necessary to protect them from harm and appears to be in their best interests. 3.2 – . Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. Care Quality Commission (CQC): They have a role to play in safeguarding. If you have followed policies and procedures and reported a situation of abuse and you are not getting reasonable feedback about what action is being taken and you do not believe your complaint has been acted upon, or you suspect that your supervisor / manager is involved, and there is no-one else internally in your organisation you can talk to, you should contact CQC. Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS): The DBS helps employers to make safer recruitment decisions and prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable groups, including children. It replaces the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA). The DBS are responsible for: Processing requests for criminal records checks Deciding whether it is appropriate for a person to be placed on or removed from a barred list. Placing or removing people from the DBS children’s barred list and adults’ barred list for England, Wales and Northern Ireland 3.3 – Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. In cases where suspected abuse or neglect has resulted in death, or abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death (including death by suspected suicide), or for cases of serious and significant harm, a Serious Case Review (SCR) will be undertaken 3.4 –  Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. Sources of information and advice include: Care Home manager Care Plans Mandatory Training Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS) Quality care Commission (CQC) Citizens advice Bureau Social Services Health Services Police Solicitor 204 Cert.4 – Understand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse. 4.1a – Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: working with person centred values This ensures a carer can: 1. Define care values and explain the principles of care 2. Explain the importance of rights, privacy, respect and dignity in ensuring choice and independence 3. Explain the principles of delivery for a person centred approach to care delivery 4. Know how to use a care plan to help in delivering person centred care 5. Explain the responsibilities of the organisation and care worker in care delivery 6. Define the role of the care worker in establishing and maintaining effective work relationships 7. Explain how to utilise support and supervision to ensure effective practice 8. Explore ways to develop the knowledge and skills required to promote continual development of the care worker 9. Promoting empowerment In using person centred values you can manage risks associated with: Person centred approaches Privacy Dignity History Preferences Wishes Needs Determining needs How needs develop Neglect Language preferences Communication Relationships Significant others Activities Nutrition Diet Eating problems Supporting that development Supporting the individual Choice Care values Care planning The care (service) setting Routine Possessions Syndromes Conditions Working safely Managing risk Dealing with emergencies Visitors Abuse Personal care Continence Medication Pain Dying, death Sleep Ageing Mental health Confusion Dementia Disabilities Mobility Promoting independence 4.1b – Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: encouraging active participation Active participation is an approach that empowers individuals in the activities and relationships of everyday life leading to them living as independently as possible. The importance to the individual as an active partner in their own care or support is that it brings physical, psychological, relational and over all wellbeing benefits. The likelihood of abuse is decreased as the individual engages positively by actively participating is area of their life, such as in personal care, the scope for abuse by others is reduced. 4.1c – Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: promoting choice and rights An important feature of empowerment is to offer people genuine choice when it comes to the services and supports on offer. This issue was highlighted by SCIE’s Service User Advisory Group on Safeguarding Adults. Without choice and the ability to exercise choice, the potential for abuse can become greater and the opportunity to escape it become harder. 4.2 – . Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. Every employer should have a procedure in place for raising any concerns or a complaint about abuse so that it is a simple process and encourages people to raise their concerns, however small they might appear to be. Complaints are very important as they often lead to an improvement in the service(s) provided. The complaints procedure can usually be found in the Safeguarding Adults policy and procedures. You will also need to be aware of the contact details for your Local Authority’s Safeguarding team. 204 Cert.5 – Know how to recognise and report unsafe practices. 5.1 – . Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of individuals. Unsanitary conditions can spread infection as cross-contamination can occur and can affect the well-being of the individual and others. Improper hand washing can also pose a risk. Dirty kitchen surfaces and equipment can spread infections, not covering hair when cooking can pose a risk to individual as cannot reporting faulty equipment when working or not having cleaning materials can also be unsafe. In terms of health and safety not having risk assessments in place when a service user hurts themselves. Staff not checking when a service user is ill or unsteady on their feet. Staff not recording in care plans about a service user’s wellbeing and health and not monitoring them. Other unsafe practices which also amount to abuse can occur such as leaving a service user on the toilet too long, ignoring or not listening to them. Marks on body not taken seriously and complaints not taken seriously can put them at more danger, harm and risk of abuse. 5.2 – . Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified. If I identify unsafe practices then I must follow the whistle-blowing procedure and report to the appropriate person(s). I will report to my manager immediately or if it involves my manager then to another appropriate person(s). I will monitor all unsafe practices and make sure that I record and report in full all the evidence and then will talk to my manager because all unsafe practices are dangerous practices that could cause harm to the individual and others. For example, I talked to my manager last week about things being left on the stairs that may cause service users and others to fall over and hurt themselves. She has talked to the staff and now this has stopped.’ 5.3 – . Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices  have been reported but nothing has been done in response. If suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response or if it has to do with my manager then I will report to the next level or manager. If it has to do with my manager then I will report to management, then to the social worker and safeguarding team and to the care quality commission and even to the police depending on the response I get.

Caso Camry Essay

1) at that holding argon lead types of reference assembly enchant informational, normative, and identification. presume Bianca is a representative for the grouping consisting of successful, urban, superior African American women, which type(s) of group act do you see operating in this head for the hills?Informational influence is a electromotive force since a element of the target group is inherently saying, You are like me and I like this car, so you leave behind in any case. Normative influence is not authentically being utilized in this campaign. There is no threat of punishment or promise of a reward by the group for compliance (buying the Camry) Identification influence is likely the strongest influence being utilized.The design here is to have the target foodstuff identify and internalize group set and beliefs and then act on them. The implicit belief is that Camry is part of an active, adventurous, urban lifestyle. celebrate the system of showing a member of the target group using the elevator car which is consistent with an identification influence strategy2) What are the primary core American set that this campaign is attempting to tap into fighting(a) (rather than passive) the excitement and adventure aspect of the espionage theme, on with the on-the-go master key woman. Change this campaign is base on the reality of existing effeminates and black professionals as role models, not stereotypes. somebody this campaign revolves approximately Bianca and her individual accomplishments. mutation this campaign is reaching out to African American professional women and indicating their desire to be their car of choice. Youth this campaign is all the way targeting a youth audience Bianca is a young urban professional. 3) What values and aspirations does this campaign tap into relating to the sub-groups of professional women and professional African American women?This campaign taps into both professional women and African American women values and aspirations relating to modern gender roles and upward mobility and side for women and blacks and so on.4) In Chapter 5, we describe 11 African American market segments determine by Yankelovich. Which group or groups do you think the target market of professional African American women best represents? Explain. Answers will vary here and there is no perfect match. The closing curtainst would be the female members of the Black Onliners followed by the female members of the crude Middle Class.Black Onliners come close in that they fit the age and income demographics and are tech savvy and brand conscious, which fits the definition of the target professional African American women, and fits the featured aspects of the car and the Interactive temper of the campaign. While this group trends male, the female members of this group could be targeted. This group is described in the text as follows Black Onliners (7 percent) younger (18-34), male, middle/uppe r income, brand conscious, place strongest importance on being around people of own ethnicity, most evince about work, family, academics, and straddling black and white worlds, heaviest users of such(prenominal) technology as blogs and IM.